Ndi chiwalo chiti chomwe chimatulutsa insulini? Njira ndi kukhudza thupi

Mothandizidwa ndi insulin, imodzi mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri mthupi lathu imachitidwa - yoyang'anira. Izi zimapukusira shuga mopitirira muyeso wa 100 mg / dts.

Shuga sasinthidwa ndikusinthidwa kukhala mamolekyu a glycogen, omwe, pambuyo pa kusintha konse, amatumizidwa kumisempha, chiwindi ndi mafuta. Ndipo chinthu chofunikira kwambiri ichi chopangidwa ndi anthu chimapangidwa kuti? Kodi njira ya insulin kaphatikizidwe ndi chiyani?

Kodi kupanga insulin

Insulin imapangidwa mu chiwalo chimodzi cha endocrine system - kapamba. Amawerengedwa kuti ndi wachiwiri kwambiri m'thupi (woyamba ndi mgawo, womwe umapezeka m'mimba kumbuyo kwa m'mimba). Thupi ili lili ndi magawo atatu:

• Mutu;
• Thupi;
• Mchira.

Mutu wa kapamba ndi wokulirapo pang'ono, umakhala kumanja kwa midline ndipo umakutidwa ndi thupi la duodenum. Thupi, lomwe limatchedwanso gawo lalikulu, limakhala ngati mawonekedwe a prism. Thupi la chindacho limadutsa pang'ono kulowa.

Mphamvu ya exocrine ndi kutulutsidwa kwa proteinase, amylase ndi lipase kudzera mu ma ducts angapo mwachindunji. Gawo la exocrine limakhala gawo lalikulu la kapamba.

Gawo lomwe insulin imasungidwa imakhala ndi pafupifupi 5% ya malowa. Kodi kuphatikiza kumachitika mbali yanji? Izi ndizosangalatsa kwambiri: masango maselo obalalika azungulira gawo la chiwalo. Mwasayansi, amatchedwa isanc pancreatic islets kapena islets of Langerhans. Anapezeka ndi wasayansi waku Germany m'zaka za zana la 19, malingaliro opanga insulini mwa ziwalozi zikuluzikulu adatsimikiziridwa ndi wasayansi wochokera ku USSR Leonid Sobolev.

Pali mamiliyoni a mabwalo achinyengochi, onse amakhala omwazikana ndi chitsulo. Kuchuluka kwa masango onsewa ndi magalamu awiri okha. Iliyonse mwa iyo ili ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana yamaselo: A, B, D, PP. Iliyonse mwa mitunduyo imatulutsa zinthu za m'thupi zomwe zimawongolera njira ya metabolic ya michere yonse yolowa m'thupi.

Ma cell a Pancreatic B

Ndi mwa iwo momwe insulin imapangidwira. Akatswiri ambiri opanga ma genetic, akatswiri azamankhwala komanso akatswiri ofufuza zamatsenga amatsutsana pankhani yokhudza kuphatikizidwa kwa chinthuchi. Koma palibe aliyense wa asayansi akudziwa mpaka pamapeto momwe B-cell imatulutsa insulini. Ngati asayansi atha kumvetsetsa zonse zobisika komanso makina opanga okha, anthu athe kuyendetsa njirazi ndikuthana ndi matenda monga insulin kukaniza ndi mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya matenda ashuga.

M'mitundu yamtunduwu, mitundu iwiri ya mahomoni imapangidwa. Loyamba ndi lakale kwambiri, kufunikira kwake kwa thupi ndikwakuti, pokhapokha ngati chinthu cha proinsulin chimapangidwa.

Akatswiri akukhulupirira kuti ndiye adakhazikitsa insulin yomwe idadziwika kale.

Horm yachiwiri idasintha masinthidwe osinthika ndipo imakhala chithunzi chamtundu woyamba wa mahomoni, iyi ndi insulin. Asayansi amati zimapangidwa motengera dongosolo lotsatira:

1. Thupi la insulini limapangidwa m'maselo a B chifukwa cha kusinthika kwa kusintha. Kuchokera pamenepo, imalowa m'zigawo za Golgi. Mu organelleyi, insulin imayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mitundu ina ya mankhwala.
2. Monga tikudziwira, kaphatikizidwe ndi kudzikundikira kwa zinthu zosiyanasiyana kumachitika m'mapangidwe a Golgi. C-peptide imamveka pamenepo mothandizidwa ndi ma enzyme osiyanasiyana.
3. Pambuyo pamagawo onsewa, insulin yofunikira imapangidwa.
4. Chotsatira ndi kuyika kwa ma protein a protein mu ma granules apadera achinsinsi. Mwa iwo, thunthu limadziunjikira ndipo limasungidwa.
5. Mtsinje wa shuga ukakwera pamlingo wovomerezeka, insulin imayamba kumasulidwa ndikuchita.

Malangizo akupanga insulini amadalira mphamvu ya glucose-sensor ya B-cell, imapereka kuchuluka pakati pakupanga shuga m'magazi ndi insulin. Ngati munthu adya chakudya chomwe chili ndi chakudya chamagulu ambiri, insulin yambiri imayenera kumasulidwa, yomwe iyenera kugwira ntchito mwamphamvu kwambiri. Pang'onopang'ono, kuthekera kopanga insulini mu pancreatic islets kumafooka. Chifukwa chake, pamene zokolola za kapamba zimachepa palimodzi, shuga ya magazi imakulanso. Ndizomveka kuti anthu omwe ali ndi zaka zopitilira 40 amawonekera kwambiri pakupanga insulin.

Zokhudza zochita za metabolic

Kodi kusakanikirana kwa mamolekyulu a shuga ndi insulin kumachitika bwanji? Izi zimachitika m'magawo angapo:

• Kukondoweza kwa mayendedwe a shuga kudzera mumitsempha - mapuloteni onyamula amayamba, omwe amatenga shuga wambiri ndikuwanyamula;
• Zakudya zowonjezera zambiri zimalowa mu cell;
• Kusintha kwa shuga kukhala mamolekyu a glycogen;
• Kusamutsidwa kwa mamolekyu awa kupita ku minofu ina.

Kwa anthu ndi nyama, mamolekyu a glycogen ndiomwe amapangira mphamvu. Nthawi zambiri, m'thupi lathanzi, glycogen imadyedwa pokhapokha mphamvu zamagetsi zitatha.

M'masamba omwe amapangika pang'onopang'ono, pali insulin yolimbana kwathunthu, glucagon. Mothandizidwa ndi, ma molekyulu a glycogen amathyoledwa, omwe amasinthidwa kukhala glucose. Kuphatikiza pa zotulukapo zotere, insulin imakhala ndi zotsatira za anabolic komanso anti-catabolic pamthupi.

Ngati wina ayendetsa njira za metabolic, winayo amachedwa pansi. Chifukwa chake, homeostasis m'thupi imasungidwa.

Ndi matenda ati omwe angayambitse insulin kupanga?

Maselo a B ali ndi mphamvu zowonjezera ndipo nthawi zonse amatulutsa insulini yambiri kuposa momwe thupi limafunira. Koma ngakhale zochulukirapo izi zimalowetsedwa ndi thupi ngati munthu amadya maswiti komanso zakudya zina. Pali matenda ena omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kusowa bwino kwa insulin. Gawo loyamba la pathologies limaphatikizapo matenda chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa kupanga kwa zinthu:

• Insulinoma. Ili ndi dzina la chotupa chotupa chomwe chili ndi ma cell a B. Chotupa choterechi chimayendera limodzi ndi zofanana ndi zomwe zimachitika mu hypoglycemic.
• Mankhwala a insulin. Awa ndi liwu loti zizindikiro zovuta zomwe zimawoneka ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo ambiri. Mwa njira, zadzidzidzi za insulin m'mbuyomu zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita zamisala pofuna kuthana ndi matenda a schizophrenia.
• Somoji syndrome ndi insulin yosatha.

Gulu lachiwirili limaphatikizapo zinthu zopanda pake zomwe zimayamba chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa insulin kapena kuyamwa. Choyamba, ndi matenda amtundu 1 shuga. Awa ndi matenda a endocrine omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi kulowetsedwa kwa shuga. Zikondazo zimatulutsa insulin yokwanira. Poyerekeza ndi kuletsa kwa kagayidwe kazakudya, wodwalayo amakula. Izi ndizowopsa chifukwa zimawonjezera chiopsezo cha matenda a mtima.

Komanso, munthu amatha kukhala ndi matenda ashuga a 2. Nthendayi ndiyosiyana pang'ono pakumveka kwa maphunzirowa. M'magawo oyamba a matenda, kapamba amapanga insulin yokwanira. Pankhaniyi, thupi pazifukwa zina limakhala losagwirizana ndi insulini, ndiye kuti, siligwirizana ndi zomwe zimachitika m'thupi la mayi uyu. Matendawa akapita patsogolo, kapangidwe ka insulin m'matumbo amayamba kuponderezedwa ndipo chifukwa chake amakhala wosakwanira.

Momwe mungapangire kubwezeretsa kuchuluka kwa mahomoni

Madokotala sangathe kubwezeretsanso ntchito za ma pancreatic islets.

Chifukwa chaichi, nyama ndi ma insulini opangira zinthu amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Mankhwala a insulin amawona ngati njira yayikulu yobwezeretsanso zinthu mu matenda a shuga, nthawi zina zimayendetsedwa ndi chithandizo chamankhwala cha hormone. Kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mankhwalawa gwiritsani ntchito zakudya zapadera za carb.

Pomaliza

Insulin ndi mapuloteni ovuta omwe amawongolera njira zambiri za metabolic m'thupi.

Ntchito yake yayikulu ndikusunga shuga mokwanira m'magazi. Amapangidwa mu gawo limodzi la kapamba monga ma pancreatic islets. Kuwona mu chinthuchi kungapangitse ma pathologies angapo.