Kugawika kwa Carbohydrate - Monosaccharides, Disaccharides, ndi Polysaccharides

Chimodzi mwazinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe zomwe zimagwira ntchito kuti thupi lathu lizigwira bwino ntchito.

Amagawidwa m'mitundu ingapo malinga ndi kapangidwe kake - monosaccharides, disaccharides ndi polysaccharides. Ndikofunikira kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake ndizofunikira komanso zomwe zimapangidwa ndi mankhwala ndi zida zake.

Gulu la chakudya

Zakudya zomanga thupi ndi mankhwala okhala ndi kaboni, haidrojeni ndi mpweya. Nthawi zambiri zimachokera ku chilengedwe, ngakhale zina zimapangidwa mwaluso. Udindo wawo m'moyo wazamoyo ndi waukulu.

Ntchito zawo zazikulu ndi izi:

1. Mphamvu. Izi ndizomwe zimapatsa mphamvu. Zambiri mwa ziwalo zimatha kugwira ntchito mokwanira chifukwa cha mphamvu zomwe zimapezeka pa makulidwe amitundu yambiri.
2. Zapangidwe. Zakudya zomanga thupi ndizofunikira pakupanga pafupifupi maselo onse amthupi. CHIKWANGWANI chimagwira ngati chinthu chothandizira, ndipo mafupa ovuta amapezeka m'mafupa ndi cartilage. Chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimapanga cell cell ndi hyaluronic acid. Zophatikiza zama carbohydrate zimafunikanso pakupanga ma enzymes.
3. Kuteteza. Thupi likamagwira ntchito, tiziwalo timene timatulutsa timadzi tating'onoting'ono tomwe timafunikira kuteteza ziwalo zamkati m'zochitika za pathogenic zimachitika. Gawo lalikulu lamadzi awa limayimiridwa ndi chakudya.
4. Zoyang'anira. Ntchitoyi imawonetsedwa ndikuwonetsa thupi la glucose (limathandizira homeostasis, kuwongolera kuthamanga kwa osmotic) ndi fiber (imakhudzanso matumbo a m'mimba).
5. Zapadera. Amadziwika ndi mitundu ina ya chakudya. Ntchito zapadera ngati izi zimaphatikizira: kutenga nawo gawo pakufalitsa zokopa zamitsempha, mapangidwe a magulu osiyanasiyana amwazi, ndi zina zambiri.

Kutengera kuti ma carbohydrate amasiyana siyana, tingaganizire kuti mauphatikizidwe awa ayenera kukhala osiyana m'mapangidwe awo komanso momwe amapangira.

Izi ndi zoona, ndipo gulu lawo limaphatikizanso mitundu monga:

1. Monosaccharides. Amaonedwa ngati osavuta. Mitundu yotsala yama carbohydrate imalowa mu hydrolysis ndikugawa m'magawo ang'onoang'ono. Ma monosaccharides alibe luso, ndiye chinthu chomaliza.
2. Chotsitsa. M'magulu ena, amadziwika kuti ndi oligosaccharides. Muli mamolekyu awiri a monosaccharide. Ndi pa iwo kuti disaccharide imagawidwa panthawi ya hydrolysis.
3. Oligosaccharides. Kuphatikizika kwa panganoli kumakhala ndi mamolekyulu a 2 mpaka 10 a monosaccharide.
4. Polysaccharides. Izi ndizopanga zazikulu kwambiri. Amaphatikizapo mamolekyulu opitilira 10 monosaccharide.

Mtundu uliwonse wamafuta umakhala ndi zake. Muyenera kuwalingalira kuti mumvetsetse momwe chilichonse chimakhudzira thupi la munthu ndi mapindu ake.

Monosaccharides

Mankhwala awa ndi mtundu wosavuta kwambiri wamafuta. Amakhala ndi molekyulu imodzi, chifukwa chake, hydrolysis, imagawidwa m'magawo ang'onoang'ono. Pamene monosaccharides akaphatikizidwa, ma disaccharides, oligosaccharides ndi polysaccharides amapangidwa.

Amasiyanitsidwa ndi mkhalidwe wokhazikika wa kuphatikiza ndi kukoma kokoma. Amatha kusungunuka m'madzi. Amathanso kusungunuka m'magazi (zomwe zimachitika ndizochepa kuposa madzi). Monosaccharides samva kwenikweni kusakanikirana ndi ma ether.

Nthawi zambiri, monosaccharides achilengedwe amatchulidwa. Zina mwa izo zimadyedwa ndi anthu ndi chakudya. Izi zimaphatikizapo shuga, fructose ndi galactose.

Amapezeka muzakudya monga:

• wokondedwa;
• Chocolate
• chipatso
• mitundu ina ya vinyo;
• syoses, etc.

Ntchito yayikulu yamafuta amtunduwu ndi mphamvu. Sitinganene kuti thupi silingachite popanda iwo, koma ali ndi katundu yemwe ndi wofunikira kuti thupi lizigwira bwino, mwachitsanzo, kuchita nawo michere.

Thupi limafotokozera monosaccharides mwachangu zomwe zimachitika m'mimba. Njira yoperekera zakudya zamagalimoto ovuta, mosiyana ndi mankhwala osavuta, siyophweka. Choyamba, zinthu zovuta kupatula zimasiyanitsidwa ndi monosaccharides, zitatha izi;

Glucose

Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zodziwika bwino za monosaccharides. Ndi mankhwala oyera oyera omwe amapangidwa mwachilengedwe - panthawi ya photosynthesis kapena pa hydrolysis. Fomulo ya panganolo ndi C6H12O6. Thupi limasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi, limakhala ndi kukoma.

Glucose imapereka maselo am'mimba ndi muubongo mphamvu. Ikamamwa, chinthucho chimamwe, chimalowa m'magazi ndi kufalikira thupi lonse. Pamenepo, makutidwe ndi okosijeni ake amapezeka ndikutulutsa mphamvu. Ili ndiye gwero lalikulu lamphamvu la bongo.

Ndi wopanda shuga, hypoglycemia imayamba m'thupi, yomwe imakhudza kugwira ntchito kwa ubongo. Komabe, zomwe zimapezeka m'magazi ndizowopsa, chifukwa zimatsogolera pakupanga shuga. Komanso, pakudya shuga wambiri, kulemera kwa thupi kumayamba kuchuluka.

Pangani

Ndiwachiwerengero cha monosaccharides ndipo ndi ofanana kwambiri ndi shuga. Amadziwika ndi kuchepa kwanthawi kovomerezeka. Izi ndichifukwa choti kutsatsa kumafuna kuti fructose isinthidwe kukhala glucose.

Chifukwa chake, chipangizochi chimawoneka kuti ndichabwino kwa anthu odwala matenda ashuga, chifukwa momwe zimakhalira sizipangitsa kuti shuga asinthe kwambiri. Komabe, ndi kuzindikira koteroko, kusamala ndikofunikira.

Izi zitha kupezeka kuchokera ku zipatso ndi zipatso, komanso ku uchi. Nthawi zambiri pamakhala kuphatikizapo shuga. Panganoli lilinso loyera. Kukomerako ndikokoma, ndipo mawonekedwe ake ndiokulirapo kuposa momwe shuga.

Zinthu zina

Mitundu ina ya monosaccharide ilipo. Zimatha kukhala zachilengedwe komanso zochepa.

Galactose ndi yachilengedwe. Imapezekanso muzakudya, koma sizimapezeka mwanjira yake yabwino. Galactose ndi chifukwa cha hydrolysis ya lactose. Gwero lake lalikulu limatchedwa mkaka.

Ma monosaccharides ena achilengedwe ndi nthiti, deoxyribose ndi mannose.

Palinso mitundu ya chakudya chotere, yomwe umagwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wa mafakitale.

Zinthu izi zimapezekanso mu chakudya ndikulowa m'thupi la munthu:

• ramnose;
• erythrulose;
• nthiti;
• D-xylose;
• L-allose;
• D-sorbose, etc.

Iliyonse ya mankhwala awa imasiyanitsidwa ndi mawonekedwe ndi ntchito zake.

Zotsitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo

Mtundu wotsatira wama mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi disaccharides. Amawonedwa ngati zinthu zovuta kuzimva. Zotsatira za hydrolysis, mamolekyulu awiri a monosaccharide amapangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo.

Zakudya zamtunduwu zimakhala ndi zotsatirazi:

• kuuma
• solubility m'madzi;
• kusungunuka kochepa mu mawonekedwe a alkohols;
• kukoma kokoma;
• utoto - kuyambira woyera mpaka bulauni.

Zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi mankhwala ambiri a disaccharides ndi ma hydrolysis zimachitika (ma glycosidic ma cell amawonongeka ndipo monosaccharides amapangidwa) ndi mawonekedwe a fayilo (polysaccharides form).

Pali mitundu iwiri ya zinthu monga:

1. Kubwezeretsa. Chawo ndi kupezeka kwa gulu laulere la semi-acetal hydroxyl. Chifukwa chake, zinthu zotere zimakhala ndi katundu wochepetsera. Gulu la chakudya cham'magazi limaphatikizapo cellobiose, maltose ndi lactose.
2. Osakonza. Izi mankhwala sangathe kuchepetsedwa, chifukwa alibe gulu la semi-acetal hydroxyl. Zinthu zodziwika bwino zamtunduwu ndi sucrose ndi trehalose.

Izi ndizofala mwachilengedwe. Amatha kupezeka onse mwaulere komanso ngati gawo la mankhwala ena. Disaccharides ndi gwero lamphamvu, chifukwa glucose amapangidwa kuchokera kwa iwo nthawi ya hydrolysis.

Lactose ndiyofunika kwambiri kwa ana, chifukwa ndiye gawo lalikulu la chakudya cha ana. Ntchito inanso yamafuta amtunduwu ndi yopanga, popeza ndi gawo la cellulose, zomwe ndizofunikira pakupanga maselo a chomera.

Makhalidwe ndi mawonekedwe a polysaccharides

Zakudya zina zamitundu mitundu ndi ma polysaccharides. Umu ndi mtundu wovuta kwambiri wolumikizana. Amakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa ma monosaccharides (gawo lawo lalikulu ndi glucose). M'matumbo am'mimba, ma polysaccharides samayamwa - cleavage yawo imachitika mwachangu.

Mawonekedwe a zinthu izi ndi awa:

• kusadziletsa (kapena kusungunuka bwino) m'madzi;
• mtundu wachikasu (kapena popanda mtundu);
• alibe fungo;
• Pafupifupi onsewa ndi opanda pake (ena amakhala ndi kukoma.

Mphamvu za zinthu izi zimaphatikizapo hydrolysis, yomwe imachitika mothandizidwa ndi othandizira. Zomwe zimachitika ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti pompopompo pazikhala zinthu - monosaccharides.

Chuma china ndikupanga zochokera kuzinthu zina. Polysaccharides amatha kuthana ndi asidi.

Zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa munthawi zonsezi ndizosiyanasiyana. Awa ndi ma acetate, sulfate, esters, phosphates, ndi zina zambiri.

Zitsanzo za polysaccharides:

• wowuma;
• cellulose;
• glycogen;
• chitin.

Kanema wamaphunziro pazantchito ndi magawo azakudya zomanga thupi:

Zinthu izi ndizofunikira pakugwira ntchito yonse ya chamoyo chonsecho ndimaselo amodzi. Amapereka thupi ndi mphamvu, kutenga nawo mbali pakapangidwe ka maselo, kuteteza ziwalo zamkati kuzowonongeka ndi mavuto. Amathandizanso pazinthu zosungidwa zomwe nyama ndi zomera zimafunikira nthawi yovuta.