Insulin ndi timadzi tomwe timagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri kuti thupi lathu lizigwira ntchito moyenera. Amapangidwa ndi maselo apancreatic ndipo amalimbikitsa kuyamwa kwa glucose, komwe ndi gwero lalikulu lamphamvu komanso chakudya chachikulu kuubongo.
Koma nthawi zina, pazifukwa zingapo, kubisirana kwa insulini m'thupi kumachepera kapena kusiya, momwe mungakhalire ndi momwe mungathandizire. Izi zimabweretsa kuphwanya kwakukulu kwa kagayidwe kazakudya ndikukula kwa matenda owopsa monga matenda a shuga.
Popanda chithandizo chanthawi yake komanso chokwanira, matendawa amatha kubweretsa zotsatira zoyipa, kuphatikizapo kutayika m'maso ndi miyendo. Njira yokhayo yoletsera kutukuka kwa zovuta ndi jakisoni wokhazikika wa insulin.
Koma kodi insulin imapangidwira chiyani kwa odwala matenda ashuga ndipo imakhudza bwanji thupi la wodwalayo? Mafunso awa ndiwokondweretsa kwa anthu ambiri omwe amapezeka ndi matenda a shuga. Kuti mumvetsetse izi, muyenera kuganizira njira zonse zopezera insulin.
Zosiyanasiyana
Kukonzekera kwamakono kwa insulin kumasiyana m'njira zotsatirazi:
- Gwero la chiyambi;
- Kutalika kwa nthawi;
- pH ya yankho (acidic kapena ndale);
- Kukhalapo kwa zoteteza (phenol, cresol, phenol-cresol, methylparaben);
- Kuchuluka kwa insulin ndi 40, 80, 100, 200, 500 IU / ml.
Zizindikiro izi zimakhudza mtundu wa mankhwalawo, mtengo wake komanso kuchuluka kwake kwa thupi.
Magwero
Kutengera ndi gwero, kukonzekera kwa insulin kumagawika m'magulu awiri:
Nyama. Zimapezeka kuchokera kukapanda kwa ng'ombe ndi nkhumba. Amatha kukhala osatetezeka, chifukwa nthawi zambiri amayambitsa mavuto ambiri osagwirizana. Izi ndizofunikira makamaka kwa bovine insulin, yomwe imakhala ndi ma amino acid atatu osapangika kwa munthu. Insulin ya nkhumba ndiyabwino kuposa momwe imasiyanirana ndi amino acid imodzi. Chifukwa chake, amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri pochiza matenda ashuga.
Wamunthu Ndi amitundu iwiri: ofanana ndi anthu kapena opanga pang'ono, omwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku insulin ya insulin chifukwa cha kusintha kwa enzymatic komanso DNA yaumunthu kapena yobwerezabwereza, yomwe imatulutsa mabakiteriya a E. coli chifukwa cha kukwaniritsa umisiri. Kukonzekera kwa insulin kumeneku ndi kofanana ndendende ndi mahomoni omwe amapangidwa ndi kapamba amunthu.
Masiku ano, insulin, anthu komanso nyama, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pochiza matenda ashuga. Kupanga kwamakono insulin ya nyama kumakhudzanso kuchuluka kwa kuyeretsa kwamankhwala.
Izi zimathandiza kuti tichotse zosafunika monga proinsulin, glucagon, somatostatin, mapuloteni, ma polypeptides, omwe angayambitse zovuta zina.
Mankhwala abwino kwambiri opezeka ndi zinyama amadziwika kuti ndi amtundu wamakono wa monopic, ndiye kuti amapangidwa ndi kutulutsidwa kwa "nsonga" ya insulin.
Kutalika kwa nthawi
Kupanga kwa insulin kumachitika molingana ndiukadaulo wosiyanasiyana, womwe umalola kuti pakhale mankhwala osiyanasiyana olimbitsa thupi, omwe ndi:
- ultrashort kanthu;
- zochita zazifupi;
- ntchito yayitali;
- nthawi yayitali yochitapo kanthu;
- kutenga nthawi yayitali;
- kuphatikiza pamodzi.
Ultrashort insulin. Kukonzekera kwa insulin kumeneku kumakhala kosiyanasiyana chifukwa amayamba kuchita jakisoni atangolowa jakisoni ndikufika pachimake patatha mphindi 60-90. Kutalika kwawo konse kocitila sikupitilira maola 3-4.
Pali mitundu iwiri yayikulu ya insulin yomwe ili ndi ultrashort kanthu - iyi ndi Lizpro ndi Aspart. Kupanga kwa insulin ya Lizpro kumachitika ndikukonzanso zotsalira ziwiri za amino acid mu molekyulu ya mahomoni, yomwe ndi lysine ndi proline.
Chifukwa cha kusinthaku kwa molekyu, ndizotheka kupewa mapangidwe a hexamers ndikufulumizitsa kuwonongeka kwake kukhala ma monomers, zomwe zikutanthauza kukonza mayamwidwe a insulin. Izi zimakuthandizani kuti mukhale ndi insulin yokonzekera yomwe imalowa m'magazi a wodwalayo katatu kuposa insulin yamunthu.
Insulin ina yayikulu kwambiri ndi Aspart. Njira zopangira Aspart insulin zili m'njira zambiri zofanana ndi kupanga kwa Lizpro, pokhapokha, proline imasinthidwa ndi aspartic acid yoyipa.
Komanso Lizpro, Aspart imasweka mwachangu mu ma monomers ndipo chifukwa chake imalowa m'magazi pafupifupi nthawi yomweyo. Makonzedwe onse a insulin osakhalitsanso pang'ono amaloledwa kutumizidwa musanadye kapena mutangomaliza kudya.
Kuchita zinthu mwachidule. Izi zimapangitsa kuti ma insulini asakhale osagwirizana pH njira zoyambira (6.6 mpaka 8.0). Amalimbikitsidwa kuti azilamulidwa ngati insulin mosakakamira, koma ngati kuli kotheka, jakisoni wamkati kapena ma dontho amaloledwa.
Kukonzekera kwa insulin kumeneku kumayamba kugwira ntchito mkati mwa mphindi 20 kuchokera pakulowetsedwa. Zotsatira zake zimakhala motalikirapo - osaposa maola 6, ndipo zimafikira patatha maola awiri.
Ma insulin omwe amagwira ntchito mwachidule amapangidwa makamaka kuti athandize odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga kuchipatala. Amathandizira odwala omwe ali ndi vuto la matenda ashuga komanso chikomokere. Kuphatikiza apo, amakulolani kuti muzindikire molondola kuchuluka kwa insulin kwa wodwala.
Kutalika kwapakatikati. Mankhwalawa amasungunuka kwambiri kuposa kusungunulira pang'ono. Chifukwa chake, amalowa m'magazi pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimawonjezera kwambiri mphamvu ya hypoglycemic.
Kupeza insulin ya sing'anga nthawi yochitapo kanthu imatheka poyambitsa kupangidwaku kwapadera - zinc kapena protamine (isophan, protafan, basal).
Kukonzekera kwa insulin kotereku kumapezeka mwa mawonekedwe a kuyimitsidwa, ndi mitundu inayake ya makhiristo a zinc kapena protamine (nthawi zambiri protamine Hagedorn ndi isophane). Prolongers imakulitsa kwambiri nthawi ya kuyamwa kwa mankhwalawa kuchokera ku minofu yokhala ndi subcutaneous, yomwe imakulitsa kwambiri nthawi ya insulin kulowa m'magazi.
Kuchita insulini kwa nthawi yayitali. Ichi ndiye insulin yamakono kwambiri, yomwe idapangidwa chifukwa cha luso lakapangidwenso la DNA. Kukonzekera koyamba kwa insulini kunali Glargin, womwe ndi muyezo wofanana wa mahomoni opangidwa ndi kapamba amunthu.
Kuti mupeze, kusintha kwamankhwala amtundu wa insulin kumachitika, komwe kumakhudza kusintha kwa sparagine ndi glycine ndikuwonjezeranso zotsalira ziwiri zotsalira za arginine.
Glargin ikupezeka mu njira yankho lomveka bwino lomwe lili ndi acid pH ya 4. PH iyi imalola kuti insulin hexamers ikhale yokhazikika ndipo potero pakuonetsetsa kuti mankhwalawo atha kulowa nthawi yayitali m'magazi a wodwala. Komabe, chifukwa cha acid pH, Glargin samalimbikitsidwa kuti aphatikizidwe ndi ma insulin omwe amangokhala osakhalitsa, omwe nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi pH yosaloledwa.
Kukonzekera kwambiri kwa insulin kumakhala ndi "gawo lochita", pomwe amafikira momwe amapangira insulin yambiri m'magazi a wodwalayo. Komabe, gawo lalikulu la Glargin ndikuti alibe chidziwitso chowonekera.
Jekeseni imodzi yokha ya mankhwala patsiku ndi yokwanira kupatsa wodwalayo njira yodalirika yopanda magazi kwa maola 24 otsatira. Izi zimatheka chifukwa chakuti Glargin amatengedwa kuchokera kuzinthu zowerengeka pamlingo womwewo nthawi yonse yochitapo kanthu.
Kukonzekera kwa insulin kwa nthawi yayitali kumapangidwa m'njira zosiyanasiyana ndipo kumatha kupatsa wodwalayo vuto lofika mpaka maola 36 motsatana. Izi zimathandiza kuchepetsa kwambiri kuchuluka kwa jakisoni wa insulin patsiku ndipo motero kumachepetsa kwambiri moyo wa odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga.
Ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti Glargin akulimbikitsidwa kuti agwiritse ntchito pokhapokha pobayira zija za subcutaneous ndi mu mnofu. Mankhwala si abwino zochizira comatose kapena zokomera odwala odwala matenda a shuga.
Mankhwala osakanikirana. Mankhwalawa amapezeka mu mawonekedwe a kuyimitsidwa, omwe amakhala ndi yankho la insulin lomwe lingachitike mwachidule komanso osokoneza bongo omwe amakhala ndi isofan.
Mankhwalawa amalola wodwalayo kubaya insulin ya nthawi zingapo mthupi lake ndi jakisoni imodzi, zomwe zikutanthauza kupewa jakisoni wowonjezera.
Mankhwala ophera tizilombo
Kudzipha kwa mankhwala a insulin ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti wodwalayo atetezeke, popeza amalowetsedwa m'thupi lake ndipo amagawika ziwalo zonse zamkati ndi minyewa ndi magazi.
Bactericidal inayake imakhala ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimawonjezeredwa pakupanga insulin osati monga mankhwala opha tizilombo, komanso ngati mankhwala osungira. Izi zimaphatikizapo cresol, phenol ndi methyl parabenzoate. Kuphatikiza apo, kutchulidwa kwa antimicrobial zotsatira kumadziwikanso ndi ma zinc a ion, omwe ndi gawo la mayankho ena a insulin.
Chitetezo cha multilevel ku matenda a bakiteriya, omwe amakwaniritsidwa ndikuwonjezera chitetezo ndi ma antiseptic othandizira, amatha kuletsa kukula kwa zovuta zambiri zazikulu. Kupatula apo, kubayidwa mobwerezabwereza ndi singano yovutikira mu vial ya insulin kungayambitse matenda a bakiteriya wa pathogenic.
Komabe, mabakiteriya a yankho amathandizira kuwononga ma virus oyipa ndikusunga chitetezo chake kwa wodwalayo. Pachifukwa ichi, odwala matenda a shuga amatha kugwiritsa ntchito syringe yomweyo kupanga jakisoni wa insulin mpaka nthawi 7 motsatana.
Ubwino wina wa kukhalapo kwa mankhwala osungidwa pakapangidwe ka insulin ndi kusowa kwa kufunika kopha matenda pakhungu jakisoni. Koma izi ndizotheka kokha ndi ma syringe ena apadera a insulin okhala ndi singano yopyapyala kwambiri.
Tikuyenera kudziwa kuti kukhalapo kwa mankhwala osungidwa mu insulin sikukhudza mavuto a mankhwalawo ndipo ndi kovomerezeka kwa wodwalayo.
Pomaliza
Mpaka pano, insulini, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito pancreas ya nyama komanso njira zamakono zopangira ma genetic, imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga mankhwala ambiri.
Odziwika kwambiri a insulin tsiku lililonse amatsukidwa kwambiri ma protein a anthu omwe amapezeka, omwe amadziwika ndi antigenicity wotsika kwambiri, chifukwa chake sikuti amayambitsa mavuto. Kuphatikiza apo, mankhwala ozikidwa pa analogues a insulin yamunthu ali ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba komanso otetezeka.
Kukonzekera kwa insulin kumagulitsidwa m'mabotolo amgalasi osiyanasiyana, otsekeka ndi zotsekemera za mphira komanso zokutira ndi aluminium run-in. Kuphatikiza apo, zitha kugulidwa mu ma syringes apadera a insulin, komanso zolembera za syringe, zomwe ndizabwino kwambiri kwa ana.
Njira zatsopano za insulin zikukonzekera, zomwe zimayambitsidwa m'thupi ndi njira yolowerera mkati, ndiye kuti kudzera m'mphuno.
Zinapezeka kuti pophatikiza insulini ndi chowongolera, ndizotheka kupanga kukonzekera kwa aerosol komwe kumakwaniritsa kukhazikika kwa magazi a wodwalayo mwachangu monga jakisoni wovomerezeka. Kuphatikiza apo, kukonzekera kwaposachedwa kwamadzi a insulin kumapangidwira komwe kumatha kumwa.
Mpaka pano, mitundu iyi ya insulin ikadali yopanga chitukuko kapena ikuyesa mayeso othandizira odwala. Komabe, zikuwonekeratu kuti posachedwa padzakhala kukonzekera kwa insulin komwe sikungafunikire kuvulazidwa ndi syringes.
Zinthu zaposachedwa kwambiri za insulin zizipezeka mwanjira yopopera, zomwe zimangofunika kuthiridwa mu mucous pamphuno kapena pakamwa kuti zithetse bwino thupi kufunika kwa insulin.
