Matenda a shuga ndi matenda omwe amapezeka motsutsana ndi maziko a zovuta m'machitidwe a endocrine. Amadziwika ndi shuga yayikulu yamagazi. Matendawa amapezeka ndi zaka zilizonse, koma nthawi zambiri amakhudza anthu pambuyo pa zaka 40.
Zomwe zimachitika mu shuga kwa okalamba ndikuti nthawi zambiri njira yake siyakhazikika komanso yofatsa. Koma chizindikiritso cha matendawo ndicho kulemera kowonjezera kumene oposa theka la openshoni ali nawo.
Popeza pali zovuta zambiri zaumoyo mukakalamba, anthu ochepa amalabadira kunenepa kwambiri. Komabe, ngakhale atadwala kalekale komanso matendawa, zotsatira zake zitha kupha.
Pali mitundu iwiri ya matenda ashuga:
- Mtundu woyamba - umayamba ndi kuchepa kwa insulin. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka ali aang'ono. Uku ndi shuga wodalira insulin, yemwe amapezeka mwamphamvu. Potere, kusowa kwa chithandizo kumayambitsa kudwala matenda ashuga ndipo odwala matenda ashuga amatha kufa.
- Mtundu wachiwiri - umawonekera ndi insulin yochuluka m'magazi, koma kuchuluka kwa mahomoni sikokwanira kutulutsa shuga. Matenda amtunduwu amapezeka patatha zaka 40.
Popeza matenda amtundu wa 2 amadwala makamaka odwala okalamba, ndikofunikira kuganizira zomwe zimayambitsa, zizindikiro ndi chithandizo cha matenda amtunduwu mwatsatanetsatane.
Zinthu zopatsa komanso zoyambitsa chitukuko
Kuyambira azaka makumi asanu, anthu ambiri adachepetsa kulolera kwa glucose. Komanso, munthu akadzakalamba, zaka khumi zilizonse kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumawonjezereka, ndipo pambuyo podya kumachulukanso. Chifukwa chake, mwachitsanzo, muyenera kudziwa tanthauzo la shuga la magazi mwa amuna pambuyo pa zaka 50.
Komabe, chiwopsezo cha matenda ashuga chimatsimikiziridwa osati ndi zokhudzana ndi msinkhu, komanso ndi mulingo wa zolimbitsa thupi ndi zakudya za tsiku ndi tsiku.
Kodi nchifukwa chiyani anthu okalamba amatenga matenda a postprandial glycemia? Izi ndichifukwa cha zinthu zingapo:
- kuchepa kwokhudzana ndi zaka insulin.
- kufooka kwa kuchitapo kanthu ndi kubisalira kwa mahomoni a insretin muukalamba;
- kupanga kosakwanira kapamba wa insulin.
Matenda a shuga amakalamba ndi okalamba komanso osakhazikika chifukwa chobadwa nawo. Chinthu chachiwiri chomwe chikuthandizira kuti matendawa ayambike imatengedwa kuti ndi wonenepa kwambiri.
Komanso, matenda am'mimba amayamba chifukwa cha kapamba. Izi zitha kukhala zolakwika pakugwira ntchito kwa matenda a endocrine, khansa kapena kapamba.
Ngakhale matenda osokoneza bongo omwe ali ndi matenda osokoneza bongo amatha kukula motsutsana ndi maziko a matenda oyambitsidwa ndi ma virus. Matendawa ndi monga fuluwenza, rubella, hepatitis, nthomba ndi ena.
Kuphatikiza apo, zovuta za endocrine nthawi zambiri zimawonekera pambuyo pamavuto amanjenje. Inde, malinga ndi ziwerengero, ukalamba, wophatikizidwa ndi zochitika zam'maganizo, zimangowonjezera mwayi wa matenda ashuga a 2 okalamba, komanso umapangitsa zovuta zake.
Kuphatikiza apo, mwa odwala omwe akuchita ntchito zaluso, shuga wambiri amadziwika nthawi zambiri kuposa omwe amagwira ntchito yolimbitsa thupi.
Chithunzi cha matenda ndi zovuta
Zizindikiro zodziwika bwino za matenda ashuga mwa anthu opitilira 40 ndi:
- masoka operewera;
- kuyabwa ndi kuyanika khungu;
- kukokana
- ludzu losalekeza;
- kutupa kwa m'munsi;
- kukodza pafupipafupi.
Komabe, zizindikiro zonse sizofunikira kutsimikizira matendawa. Kupezeka kwa chizindikiro 1 kapena 2 ndikokwanira.
Type 2 shuga mellitus mwa omwe ali ndi zaka zopuma pantchito nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa ndi kuwonongeka kwakanema, ludzu, malaise komanso kuchiritsa kwamabala.
Ukalamba ndi woopsa ndi zovuta zomwe zimachitika pafupipafupi mu mtima. Chifukwa chake, odwala nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi atherosulinosis yam'mitsempha yama coronary, yomwe imakhudza ziwiya zamiyendo, zomwe zingayambitse matenda osokoneza bongo. Ndipo izi zimabweretsa zotupa zazikulu za phazi ndikudulanso kwina.
Mavuto ambiri a shuga ndi awa:
- mapangidwe azilonda;
- kuwonongeka kwa mawonekedwe (cataract, retinopathy);
- kupweteka kwa mtima
- kutupa;
- matenda a kwamkodzo thirakiti.
Zotsatira zina zowopsa za matenda a shuga ndi kulephera kwa impso. Kuphatikiza apo, dongosolo lamanjenje limatha kukhudzidwa, zomwe zimatsogolera ku mawonekedwe a neuropathy.
Vutoli limadziwika ndi zizindikiro monga kupweteka, kuwotcha m'miyendo ndikuwonongeka kwamphamvu.
Kuzindikira ndi kulandira mankhwala
Matenda a shuga okalamba ndizovuta kuzindikira. Izi ndichifukwa choti ngakhale magazi a shuga akachuluka, ndiye kuti shuga sangakhale mumkodzo.
Chifukwa chake, kukalamba kumapangitsa munthu kuti azimufufuza chaka chilichonse, makamaka ngati ali ndi nkhawa ya atherosulinosis, matenda oopsa, matenda a mtima, matenda a nephropathy komanso matenda a pakhungu la purulent. Kukhazikitsa kukhalapo kwa hyperglycemia kumalola kuti zizindikire - 6.1-6.9 mmol / L., Ndipo zotsatira za 7.8-11.1 mmol / L zikuwonetsa kuphwanya kulekerera kwa shuga.
Komabe, maphunziro ololera a glucose sangakhale olondola. Izi ndichifukwa choti ndi zaka, chidwi cha maselo mpaka shuga chimachepa, ndipo mulingo wazomwe umapezeka m'magazi umakhala wambiri kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kuphatikiza apo, kudziwika kuti ali ndi vuto la kuperewera kwamtunduwu kumakhalanso kovuta, chifukwa zizindikiro zake ndizofanana ndi zizindikiro za kuwonongeka kwa mapapo, kulephera kwa mtima ndi ketoacidosis.
Zonsezi nthawi zambiri zimabweretsa chakuti shuga wapezeka kale kumapeto. Chifukwa chake, anthu azaka zopitilira 45, ndikofunikira kumayesedwa popanga shuga wamagazi pazaka ziwiri zilizonse.
Kuchiza matenda a shuga kwa odwala okalamba ndi ntchito yovuta, chifukwa ali kale ndi matenda ena okhalitsa komanso onenepa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, kuti athetse vutoli, dokotalayo amapereka mankhwala osiyanasiyana ochokera m'magulu osiyanasiyana kupita kwa wodwala.
Chithandizo cha mankhwala osokoneza bongo okalamba odwala matenda ashuga chimaphatikizapo kumwa mitundu ya mankhwala monga:
- Metformin;
- glitazones;
- zotumphukira sulfonylurea;
- dongo;
- glyptins.
Shuga wokwera nthawi zambiri amachepetsedwa ndi Metformin (Klukofazh, Siofor). Komabe, imayikidwa pokhapokha kusefa kwa impso ndipo ngati palibe matenda omwe amachititsa hypoxia. Ubwino wa mankhwalawa ndikuthandizira njira zama metabolic, sizimathetsanso kapamba ndipo sizimathandizira pakuwoneka kwa hypoglycemia.
Glitazones, monga Metformin, imatha kukulitsa chidwi cha maselo amafuta, minofu ndi chiwindi mpaka insulin. Komabe, ndi pancreatic depletion, kugwiritsa ntchito thiazolidatediones kulibe tanthauzo.
Glitazones imaphatikizidwanso m'mavuto ndi mtima ndi impso. Komanso, mankhwala ochokera ku gululi ndi owopsa chifukwa amathandizira kuti calcium ichoke m'mafupa. Ngakhale mankhwalawa samachulukitsa chiopsezo cha hypoglycemia.
Zomwe zimachokera ku sulfonylureas zimakhudza maselo a beta a kapamba, chifukwa chake amayamba kupanga insulin mwachangu. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa ndizotheka mpaka kapamba atatha.
Koma zochokera ku sulfonylurea zimabweretsa zotsatirapo zingapo zoyipa:
- kuchuluka kwa hypoglycemia;
- Mtheradi komanso kusinthika kwamphamvu kwa kapamba;
- kunenepa.
Nthawi zambiri, odwala amayamba kutenga mankhwala ochokera ku sulfonylurea, ngakhale ali ndi zoopsa zilizonse, kuti asayambitse insulin. Komabe, machitidwe oterewa amakhala ovulaza thanzi, makamaka ngati zaka za wodwalayo zikufika zaka 80.
Ma Clinides kapena meglitinides, komanso zotumphukira za sulfonylurea, amachititsa kupanga insulin. Ngati mumamwa mankhwalawa musanadye, ndiye kuti nthawi yawo yokhala pakulimbitsa kuchokera kwa mphindi 30 mpaka 90.
Zoyipa zotsutsana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito meglitinides ndizofanana ndi zotumphukira za sulfonylurea. Ubwino wa ndalama zotere ndikuti amatha kuchepetsa shuga m'magazi ndikatha kudya.
Gliptins, makamaka Glucagon-ngati peptide-1, ndi mahomoni a insretin. Maepeptidyl peptidase-4 zoletsa amachititsa kapamba kuti apange insulin, zoletsa zobisika za glucagon.
Komabe, GLP-1 imagwira ntchito pokhapokha shuga ikakwezedwa. Mu kapangidwe ka gliptins pali Saxagliptin, Sitagliptin ndi Vildagliptin.
Ndalama izi zimasokoneza chinthu chomwe chimawononga kwambiri ku GLP-1. Mutatha kumwa mankhwalawa, kuchuluka kwa mahomoni m'magazi kumawonjezeka pafupifupi kawiri. Zotsatira zake, kapamba amayambitsa, omwe amayamba kupanga insulin mwachangu.
Mankhwala othandizira pakudya ndi njira zopewera
Matenda a shuga okalamba amafuna zakudya zina. Cholinga chachikulu cha zakudya ndi kuchepa thupi. Kuti muchepetse kudya mafuta m'thupi, munthu amafunika kusintha zakudya zopatsa mphamvu.
Chifukwa chake, wodwalayo ayenera kulemeretsa chakudya ndi masamba atsopano, zipatso, mitundu yochepa yamafuta ndi nsomba, mankhwala amkaka, chimanga ndi chimanga. Ndipo maswiti, makeke, batala, ma broths olemera, tchipisi, zonunkhira, nyama zosuta, zakumwa zoledzeretsa komanso zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi ziyenera kusiidwa.
Komanso, kudya matenda a shuga kumaphatikizapo kudya magawo osachepera 5 pa tsiku. Ndipo chakudya chamadzulo chikuyenera kukhala maola 2 asanagone.
Zochita zolimbitsa thupi ndi njira yabwino yodzitetezera kukula kwa matenda ashuga pakati pa omwe apuma pantchito. Ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi nthawi zonse, mutha kukwaniritsa zotsatirazi:
- kuthamanga kwa magazi;
- kupewa mawonekedwe a atherosulinosis;
- Sinthani chidwi chathu.
Komabe, katunduyo ayenera kusankhidwa malinga ndi thanzi la wodwalayo komanso mikhalidwe yake. Njira yabwino ikhoza kukhala yoyenda kwa mphindi 30-60 mu mpweya wabwino, kusambira komanso kuyenda njinga. Muthanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi m'mawa kapena kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi apadera.
Koma kwa okalamba, pali zotsutsana zingapo zolimbitsa thupi. Izi zimaphatikizapo kulephera kwambiri kwa impso, kubwezeretsedwa bwino kwa shuga, gawo lochulukirachulukira la retinopathy, angina osakhazikika ndi ketoacidosis.
Ngati matenda a shuga adapezeka ali ndi zaka 70-80, ndiye kuti kupezeka ndi matendawa ndi koopsa kwambiri kwa wodwalayo. Chifukwa chake, angafunike chisamaliro chapadera munyumba yolumikizana, yomwe ingathandize kuti wodwalayo azikhala wathanzi komanso kuti akhale ndi moyo wautali monga momwe angathere.
Chinthu china chofunikira chomwe chimachedwetsa kukula kwa kudalira kwa insulini ndikusungidwa kwa malingaliro abwino. Kupatula apo, kupsinjika kumawonjezera kukakamiza, komwe kumayambitsa vuto mu chakudya cha metabolism. Chifukwa chake, ndikofunikira kukhala wodekha, ndipo ngati kuli kotheka, tengani masisitere potengera mbewa, valerian ndi zina zachilengedwe. Kanemayo munkhaniyi akufotokoza za zomwe zimachitika munthu akamadwala matenda ashuga.
