Matenda a shuga ndi njira yodutsitsa munthu ya endocrine system, yodziwika ndi kuperewera kwa insulin kapena kukana kwa maselo amthupi kupita ku mahomoni akapangidwa mokwanira. Zotsatira zake ndi kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi, komwe kumayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa kayendedwe ka metabolism, maselo a trophic ndi minofu, mtima wamitsempha yama cell ndi mitsempha.
Kuzindikira matenda ashuga kuyenera kuchitika poyambirira, kuti chithandizo chokwanira komanso chapanthawi yake. Nkhaniyo ikuyankha mafunso okhudza matenda osiyanasiyana amtundu 1 ndi mtundu wa 2 mwa ana ndi akulu, za kuwunika kofunikira kuti atsimikizire za matendawa, komanso posankha zotsatira.
Mitundu ya matenda
Matenda a Type 1 (mawonekedwe a insulin) nthawi zambiri amapezeka ali aang'ono ndi ana, popeza zomwe zimayambitsa mawonekedwe ake ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mawonekedwe komanso chikhalidwe cha ana. Ma viral ndi bacteria, njira za autoimmune zimayambitsa kufa kwa maselo omwe amapanga insulin. Hormone siinapangidwe kuchuluka kofunikira. Chithandizo cha mawonekedwe awa ndi mankhwala a insulini kuphatikiza ndi zakudya zama carb ochepa.
Matenda a Mtundu 2 (mtundu wopanda insulin) amadziwika ndi anthu achikulire, omwe ali onenepa kwambiri, amakhalanso ndi moyo wongokhala. Zikondazo zimapanga mahomoni okwanira, nthawi zina kuposa momwe amafunikira. Maselo ndi minyewa ya thupi zimayamba kuzindikira insulin popanda kuchitapo kanthu. Chipatala cha mawonekedwe awa sichimatchulidwa ngati matenda amtundu 1. Chithandizo cha mankhwala ndichakudya chochepetsedwa cha carb komanso mankhwala ochepetsa shuga.
Mawonekedwe a shuga
Zizindikiro zomwe mungaganizire pakukula kwa matendawa ndi izi:
- kuyabwa kwa khungu;
- kuchuluka kukodza;
- kumangokhala ndi ludzu;
- kusintha kwa kulemera kwa thupi (m'magawo oyamba, kuchepa kwambiri, kenako phindu lochulukirapo);
- kununkhira kwa acetone kuchokera mkamwa (ndi mtundu 1);
- kugwedeza kwamphamvu m'misempha ya ng'ombe;
- zotupa pakhungu ngati furunculosis.
Mawonetseredwe oterewa ali ndi mawonekedwe a shuga wodalira insulin. Mtundu 2 umatha kukhala wa asymptomatic kwa nthawi yayitali (wobisika, wobisika).
Kuzindikira koyambirira kwa zizindikiro za matenda ndi gawo limodzi lofunika kuti mukhale ndi moyo wapamwamba
Mu ana, matendawa amakhala ndi zizindikiro zowoneka bwino. Wodziwika ndi kutopa msanga, kugona, kugwirira ntchito pang'ono, kuchepa thupi kumbuyo chifukwa chakudya kwambiri.
Kusiyanitsa
Kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kwa matenda ashuga kumakhala ndi mayeso a labotale komanso mbiri yachipatala. Kuphatikiza podziwitsa anthu moyenera, ndikofunikira kudziwa mawonekedwe ake. Kusiyana Kuzindikira kumachitika ndi zotsatirazi zamatenda zomwe zafotokozedwa pagome.
Matendawa | Tanthauzo | Mawonetseredwe azachipatala |
Matenda a shuga | Pathology ya hypothalamic-pituitary system, yodziwika ndi kuchepa kwa mahomoni vasopressin | Kukodza kwakukulu, ludzu, nseru, kusanza, khungu lowuma, kusowa kwamadzi |
Matenda a shuga | Matendawa amapezeka chifukwa cha matenda a adrenal gland kapena atagwiritsa ntchito mankhwala a mahomoni nthawi yayitali | Kukodza kwakukulu, ludzu lokwanira, kufooka, kutopa. Zizindikiro ndi ulesi |
Renal glucosuria | Kukhalapo kwa shuga mumkodzo pamlingo wake wabwinobwino m'magazi. Amachitika motsutsana ndi maziko a matenda a impso | Kufooka, kupsinjika kosalekeza, khungu limakhala louma, kukhala ndi kutuluka kwa chikasu. Kulimbitsa khungu kosalekeza |
Alimentary Glucosuria | Kukhalapo kwa shuga mumkodzo pambuyo pakupanga chakudya chambiri mu zakudya ndi zakumwa | Kukodza pafupipafupi, ludzu, kufooka, kuchepa kwa ntchito, kugona |
Njira zofufuzira
Ndikotheka kuzindikira matenda a shuga pambuyo pakupenda mkodzo, venous ndi capillary magazi. Dziwani kuchuluka kwa shuga, kuchuluka kwa ma insulin, kuchuluka kwa hemoglobin, fructosamine, kuwunika njira zingapo zodziwitsira za ma pulositi omwe amagwirizana ndi ma enzyme.
Urinalysis
Njira imodzi yodziwira matenda, yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati gawo loyeserera la kuyesa kwa thupi. Munthu wathanzi sayenera kukhala ndi shuga mkodzo; nthawi zina, kupezeka kwa 0,8 mmol / L ndizovomerezeka. Ngati pali zizindikiro pamwambapa, mawu akuti "glucosuria" amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kuti musonkhe zinthu zofufuzira, muyenera kukonzekera chidebe chouma ndi ukhondo. Gawo loyamba la mkodzo siligwiritsidwa ntchito, pakati limasonkhanitsidwa mumtsuko, ndipo lomaliza limatulutsidwanso kuchimbudzi. Iyenera kutumizidwa ku labotale posachedwa kuti zotsatira zake zikhale zolondola.
Mkodzo ndi madzi obwera ndi zidziwitso zofunika kuzindikira.
Matupi a Ketone
Maonekedwe a acetone mu mkodzo ndi umboni woti kusokonezeka kwa metabolic kumachitika pamlingo wa lipid ndi carbohydrate metabolism. Kuti mudziwe matupi a ketone, kuyesedwa kwina ndikofunikira. Kuphatikiza pa ma diagnostics a labotale, acetone mu mkodzo mwa ana ndi akulu "amatha kuwoneka" mothandizidwa ndi ma strips oyeserera, omwe amapezeka mumafesi.
Kutsimikiza kwa mapuloteni a mkodzo
Kusanthula kumeneku kumakupatsani mwayi wodziwa kupezeka kwa zovuta za matenda a shuga mu mawonekedwe a nephropathy. Magawo oyamba a zamatenda amaphatikizidwa ndi kuwonekera kwa albumin pang'ono, ndikuwonongeka kwa boma, kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni kumakhala okwera.
Kuwerengera magazi kwathunthu
Magazi ndi madzi achilengedwe, zizindikilo zazikulu zomwe zimasinthira ndikuphwanya ziwalo ndi machitidwe a thupi. Njira zoyenera zowunikira panthawi ya kusanthula:
- zochulukitsa zizindikiro za mawonekedwe;
- mulingo wa hemoglobin;
- Zizindikiro zophatikizika;
- hematocrit;
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate.
Kuyesa kwa gluu
Gwiritsani ntchito magazi a capillary kapena venous. Kukonzekera kusonkha kwazinthu ndi izi:
- m'mawa kusanachitike kusamba, musadye chilichonse, mungathe kumwa madzi;
- pa maola 24 omaliza musamwe mowa;
- Musamakande mano anu m'mawa, taye kutafuna chingamu, popeza shuga ndi gawo lake.
Kupenda kwazinthu zam'thupi
Kuzindikira kusiyanasiyana kwa matenda ashuga kumatsimikiziridwa ndi kutsimikiza kwa izi:
- cholesterol - odwala matenda ashuga, msinkhu wake ndiwokwera kuposa wabwinobwino;
- C-peptide - ndi matenda amtundu 1, msambo umachepetsedwa, ndi matenda a mtundu 2 - wabwinobwino kapena apamwamba;
- fructosamine - zizindikiro zikuwonjezeka;
- mulingo wa insulin - ndi mtundu 1, Zizindikiro zimachepetsedwa, ndi mawonekedwe odziyimira pawokha a insulin, abwinobwino kapena owonjezereka pang'ono;
- lipids - mulingo ndi wokwera.
Kuyesa kwa magazi a biochemical - kuthekera koyesa njira zopitilira 10 zosiyanitsira matenda a shuga
Mayeso a kulolerana ndi glucose
Kusanthula kumaperekedwa m'mawa pamimba yopanda kanthu. Mwazi wofufuza amatengedwa kuchokera ku chala kapena mtsempha. Wothandizira labotale amapereka kuti wodwalayo amwe njira yothetsera shuga wokhala ndi mawonekedwe ena ake. Pambuyo maola 2, zinthuzo zimasonkhanitsidwa chimodzimodzi monga momwe zinalili koyamba. Monga akuwonetsa ndi endocrinologist, kuphatikiza magazi kwapakatikati kungakhale kofunikira.
Kutanthauzira kwa zotsatira (mmol / l):
- Palibe matenda ashuga: pamimba yopanda kanthu - mpaka 5.55, pambuyo maola 2 - mpaka 7.8.
- Matenda a shuga: pamimba yopanda kanthu - mpaka 7.8, pambuyo pa maola 2 - mpaka 11.
- Matenda a shuga: pamimba yopanda kanthu - pamwamba 7.8, atatha maola 2 - pamwamba 11.
Glycosylated hemoglobin
Kuyesedwa koyenera kwa matenda osiyanasiyana a matenda ashuga. Kukhazikitsa kwake kumakupatsani mwayi woti mumvetse bwino kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi miyezi itatu yapitayo. Gawirani kuyambira m'mawa mpaka chakudya. Kuganizira zotsatira:
- zopezekazo ndi 4.5-6.5%;
- matenda a shuga 1 - 6.5-7%;
- lembani matenda ashuga 2 - 7% kapena kuposerapo.
Kutolere zakuthupi ndikukonzekera kwa wodwalayo pazinthu zonsezi pamwambapa ndi gawo la chisamaliro cha unamwino kwa odwala omwe ali kunja ndi makonda.
Kuzindikira zovuta za matenda
Nthawi zina, kuwunika kwa "matenda okoma" kumayikidwa motsutsana ndi maziko a zovuta. Ngati izi zidachitika kale, wodwalayo amayenera kuwerengedwa pafupipafupi kuti adziwe zovuta zomwe zili m'mayambiriro ake. M'mizinda ndi m'magawo, njira zoyeserera zimapangidwa ndi ophunzila za endocrinologists, ndipo m'midzi gawo ili ndi la oyang'anira paramedic.
Dotolo ndiwothandizira wokhazikika pakulimbana ndi matendawa
Zitsanzo za kafukufuku:
- Kuonana ndi kuyesedwa ndi akatswiri a maso. Kuphatikiza ndi ophthalmoscopy, gonioscopy, mayeso a fundus, kuwala kwa maso (kupatula matenda a shuga a shuga).
- Kukambirana ndi mtima, kuchititsa ECG, echocardiography, coronary angiography (kudziwa kukhalapo kwa mtima, matenda amtima).
- Kuyesedwa ndi angiosurgeon, Doppler ultrasonography ndi arteriography ya m'munsi malekezero (kuyesa kuchuluka kwa ziwiya zamiyendo, kuletsa kukula kwa atherosulinosis).
- Kufunsa a Nephrologist, aimpso ultrasound, renovasography, aimpso mtima dopplerography (kupatula matenda ashuga nephropathy).
- Kuyesedwa ndi katswiri wa mitsempha, kutsimikiza mtima, kulingalira, mphamvu zamagalamu ofufuza zaubongo (kutsimikiza kwa matenda am'mimba, matenda am'mimba, encephalopathy.
Njira zodziwira panthawi yake zimakupatsani mwayi woyambira, kupewa zovuta zovuta komanso kukhalabe ndi moyo wabwino kwa wodwala.