Mosiyana ndi matenda ena, matenda ashuga amakhala ndi nthawi yayitali. Nthawi zina mzimayi wazaka zambiri samazindikira zilizonse ndipo amamva za zovuta atangokhazikitsidwa ndi adokotala, pomwe adatembenukira zovuta. Zotsatira zomwe zimanyalanyazidwa za matenda a shuga ndizovuta kuchiza. Kuzindikira kwa ntchito ya impso, kuchepa kwa masomphenya - ndi osachiritsika. Atherosulinosis ndi ma cell pathological ena omwe amayamba chifukwa cha matenda "okoma" atha kuthetseratu pang'ono.
Mavuto amatha kupewedwa munjira imodzi - matenda a shuga amatha kupezeka pakapita nthawi, njira zochizira zimatha kuchepetsa shuga kukhala yabwinobwino ndikuisunga pamlingo uwu wonse.
Zizindikiro ndi matenda a shuga
Chiwerengero cha anthu odwala matenda a shuga chikukula m'zaka khumi zilizonse. Tsopano ku Russia kuli odwala pafupifupi 4.5 miliyoni, 90% ya iwo ali ndi matenda a shuga a 2, kapena osadalira insulini. Theka la anthu odwala matenda ashuga ndi akazi. Kwa zaka zambiri, matenda ashuga akhala akuwaona ngati matenda a okalamba, koma pazaka makumi awiri zapitazi zinthu zasintha kwambiri. Kuchulukirachulukira, matendawa amapezeka mwa amayi ochepa kwambiri omwe ali ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi komanso zakudya zopatsa mphamvu zambiri.
Matenda a shuga ndi kupsinjika kudzakhala chinthu chakale
- Matenda a shuga -95%
- Kuthetsa kwa mitsempha thrombosis - 70%
- Kuthetsa kwa kugunda kwamtima kwamphamvu -90%
- Kuthana ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi - 92%
- Kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu masana, kukonza kugona usiku -97%
Matenda a Type 2 amayamba pang'onopang'ono. Shuga wamagazi wakhala akukulira kwa zaka, pang'onopang'ono kuyandikira mzere wowopsa. Matenda a shuga samachitika nthawi yomweyo. Zaka 5 zoyambirira, nthawi zambiri samakhala ndi zizindikiro. Monga lamulo, pofika nthawi imeneyi mutha kupeza zovuta zoyambirira zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha shuga wambiri.
Kodi matendawa amayamba bwanji:
- Choyamba, kukana insulini kumawonekera. Uku ndiko kukaniza kwa maselo kuti agwire insulin - timadzi timene timathandiza glucose kuchokera m'magazi kupita m'minyewa. Shuga amayamba kudzikundikira m'mitsempha, panthawiyi imangokhala nthawi yayitali m'magazi mutatha kudya. Kusanthula kwa "Glucose pamimba yopanda kanthu" kumakhalabe kwachilendo, Zizindikiro za matenda ashuga mwa mkazi zimatha kapenanso zimafotokozedwanso.
- Kasitomala amayamba kuwonjezera kupanga insulin, pomwe kukana kwa insulin kukukulira. Zotsatira zake, mu zaka zoyambirira zam'mimba zokhala ndi matenda a shuga, kuchuluka kwa glucose ndi insulin m'magazi kumawonjezeka, zizindikiro zoyambirira za matendawa zimawonekera. Pakadali pano, shuga atha kupezeka pogwiritsa ntchito njira yoyeserera ya shuga.
- Pang'onopang'ono, kuphatikiza kwa insulini kumachepa, shuga m'magazi amayamba kukula ndi mphamvu zowonjezereka. Zizindikiro za matendawa zimafotokozedwa bwino.
Mtundu woyamba wa matenda ashuga 1 ndi matenda aunyamata. Mwa amayi atatha 30, ndizosowa. Kukhazikika kwa mtundu uwu wa matenda ashuga kumakhala kovuta, zizindikiro zimawoneka nthawi yomweyo, thanzi limakulirakulira, ndipo odwala amafunikira kuchipatala mwachangu.
Zizindikiro zamitundu iwiri iyi ndizofanana:
- Thupi, youma mucous nembanemba ndi khungu, kutsekeka kwa khungu ndikutuluka kwa mkodzo ndizizindikiro zoyambirira za matendawa, momwe thupi limapangidwira pakuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa magazi chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa shuga mkati mwake.
- Kuchulukitsa chilakolako. Kumayambiriro kwa matenda a shuga a 2, chizindikirochi chimaphatikizidwa ndi phindu lolemera. Mtundu 1 ndi mtundu woyambira 2 amadziwika ndi kuchepa thupi, ngakhale akuwonjezera zakudya.
- Kutopa nthawi zonse, kuchepa tulo, kukhumudwa.
- Kuwonongeka kowoneka, mawonekedwe a chophimba nthawi ndi nthawi pamaso pa maso, ntchentche, mawanga oyimitsa amtundu ndi chizindikiro cha matenda apamwamba a shuga mwa azimayi omwe ali ndi kuchuluka kwa shuga.
- Kukana matenda. Pafupipafupi pachimake kupuma matenda, kumachitika kwambiri komanso ndi bakiteriya zovuta, gingivitis.
- Zosasangalatsa zomverera mu miyendo - dzanzi, kumva, kukokana kwa minofu.
- Kuzindikira kwa kusinthika kwa khungu. Kuchiritsa kwakutali, ngakhale kuwonongeka kwakung'ono. Pustular totupa kumaso, pachifuwa, kumbuyo.
- Chizindikiro chachedwa ndikufooka ndi kununkhira kwamake amkati chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa acetone mthupi.
- Zizindikiro za matenda ashuga mwa akazi ndizochulukirapo pakugonana komanso mobwerezabwereza, osavomerezeka kwenikweni.
Zoyambitsa zazikulu za matenda ashuga mwa akazi
Zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa mtundu wachiwiri mwa akazi ndizodziwika bwino:
| Zifukwa | Kufotokozera |
| Kulemera kwambiri | Mndandanda wam'magawo a anthu odwala matenda ashuga kumayambiriro kwa matendawa ndiwokwera kwambiri kuposa momwe zimakhalira, pafupipafupi kuposa 27. Zizindikiro zakunja ndizotchulidwa pamimba, voliyumu ya m'chiuno imaposa 80 cm (kapena chifukwa chogawa voliyumu m'chiuno ndi kupitirira kwa 0,8). Mafuta ochulukirapo, omwe amasonkhana mozungulira ziwalo, amakhudza zochita za metabolic. Kukula kwansonga zam'madzi, zomwe azimayi ambiri amakhala, sizowopsa. |
| Kuperewera kwa zakudya m'thupi | Matenda a shuga amachititsa mkwiyo mu chakudya chochepa kwambiri (zakudya zopatsa fiber), shuga wowonjezera, zakudya zosavuta, ndi mbatata. Zopanda zovulaza ndizakudya zotchuka ndi kupatula kwathunthu kuchokera kumenyu yazogulitsa zilizonse. Mwachitsanzo, zakudya zopanda gluten, ngati sizikuwonetsedwa, zimawonjezera mwayi wokhala ndi matenda a shuga ndi 13%. |
| Ntchito Zochepa | Kuperewera kwamasewera. Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwambiri, kuyenda maulendo atali ochepa ndikosowa. Chizindikiro cha chiwopsezo chachikulu cha matenda a shuga ndi kusowa kwa minofu yambiri. |
| Zotsogolera banja | Chiwopsezo chotenga matenda chimakhala chachikulu mwa azimayi omwe makolo awo ali ndi matenda ashuga. |
| Matenda oyambitsa insulin | Polycystic ovary samangokhala ndi mphamvu yokhala ndi pakati, komanso imakhudza zoyipa za metabolic mwa akazi. |
| Matenda a shuga a m'mimba (shuga ochulukirapo panthawi yomwe ali ndi pakati) amasowa pambuyo pobadwa, koma amatha kubwerera ngati matenda amtundu wa 2 pakati komanso okalamba. | |
| Kubadwa kwa mwana wamkulu | Amayi omwe abereka mwana wolemera makilogalamu opitilira 4 amakhala ndi matenda ashuga. Kuyanjana kwa chizindikiro ichi ndi matenda a shuga kwakhazikitsidwa, koma sikunaphunzire. |
| Kukhumudwa | Matenda a shuga mwa amayi omwe ali ndi nkhawa amayamba 20% pafupipafupi kuposa ena. |
| Kukonza | Amayi atatha zaka 40 akugwira ntchito yoposa maola 45 pa sabata amakhala ndi chiwopsezo chachikulu cha 62% cha matenda ashuga kuposa azimayi omwe amagwira ntchito maola 35-40. Mwa amuna, ubalewu sunapezeke. |
| Kuyamwitsa | HBV kwa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi imachepetsa shuga ndi 47% poyerekeza ndi azimayi omwe sanayamye. |
Njira zoyesera
Ngati simukuvutikira ndi kuyesedwa pafupipafupi, matenda a shuga adzapezeka m'magawo apambuyo, popeza palibe zizindikiritso kumayambiriro kwa matendawa, ndipo zizindikiro zochepa za mkazi zimadziwika chifukwa chotopa kapena zaka.
Momwe mungadziwire matenda a shuga:
- Mukamayesedwa mwaulere kuchipatala, zomwe zimachitika zaka zitatu zilizonse, amayi ayenera kupereka magazi kuti apange shuga. Phunziroli ndi lolondola ndipo limakupatsani mwayi kuti muzindikire matenda ashuga akangoyamba kudya. Pakadali pano, matendawa amawerengedwa ngati otsala glucose anali pamwamba pa 7 pazotsatira zoyesa zosachepera ziwiri. Shuga ali ndi zaka 5.9, kwa amayi opitirira zaka 60 zakubadwa 6.4 >> Mulingo wofuna magazi kwa azimayi azaka 60. Ngati zotulukapo zili pakati pa zofanana ndi 7, mkhalidwewu umawerengedwa ngati chizindikiro cha matenda ashuga. Popanda chithandizo, matenda a prediabetes amapita patsogolo mwachangu, shuga amakula.
- Mulingo wodziwika bwino wa matenda ashuga, omwe amatsatira WHO, ndimaphunziro a glycated hemoglobin. Kusanthula kumeneku kumawerengedwa kuti ndikulondola, chifukwa kumakupatsani mwayi wokhala ndi shuga wokwanira miyezi itatu. Panthawi yoyesedwa, hemoglobin imaperekedwa ngati shuga pamimba yopanda kanthu imakhala yotalikirapo kuposa momwe imakhalira. Zowerengedwa zimawerengedwa kuti ndi zotsatira pansipa 5.9; prediabetes - 6-6.4; shuga mellitus - kuyambira 6.5.
- Mavuto a shuga kagayidwe amatha kupezeka ngakhale zizindikiro za matenda ashuga zisanachitike mwa azimayi, komanso ngakhale shuga isanayambe kuchuluka. Kuyesedwa kwa glucose kumatha izi. Kuyesaku sikuphatikizidwa pamndandanda wazoyesa zaulere, koma zitha kuchitidwa mu labotale yamalonda iliyonse. Phunziroli limatenga maola awiri, magazi amatengedwa kamodzi kawiri: choyamba pamimba yopanda kanthu, kenako mutatha kudya shuga. Mulingo wa shuga pamiyeso yomaliza yomwe ili pansipa 7.8 ikuwonetsa kuti kagayidwe kazachilengedwe ndi kabwinobwino, matenda ashuga kulibe. Zotsatira pamtunda wa 11.1 ndi chizindikiro cha matenda ashuga, kuyambira 7.8 mpaka 11 - prediabetes.
Chithandizo cha matenda a shuga m'magawo osiyanasiyana
Ngakhale mankhwala apamwamba kwambiri a shuga sangayimitse kupititsa patsogolo kwa matendawa. Ntchito za kapamba zimachepa pang'onopang'ono mpaka kupanga insulini kuthe. Kutalikitsa kaphatikizidwe ka insulin kumatha kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi poyang'anira kudya kwanu tsiku lililonse. Ndiye chifukwa chake kudya ndiko njira yayikulu yochizira matenda ashuga.
Mfundo zofunika kuzidya:
| Zopatsa mphamvu | Kuchepetsedwa, cholinga ndikuchepetsa pang'onopang'ono kulemera. |
| Zakudya zomanga thupi | Kuletsedwa kwakanthawi kwa chakudya chosavuta. Amapezeka m'miyeso yambiri osati shuga, komanso muzinthu zonse za confectionery, uchi, mbatata, zipatso zotsekemera, makeke, ndi zina monga mpunga, semolina. Maswidi a "diabetes" a fructose ndi osafunika, chifukwa amapititsa patsogolo chitukuko cha chimodzi mwazovuta za matenda ashuga - mafuta hepatosis. |
| Mafuta | Kuchepetsa kudya zamafuta nyama kuteteza kusintha kwa m'matumbo. |
| Agologolo | Chovomerezedwa popanda choletsa. |
| CHIKWANGWANI | Mazhinji masamba ophikidwa pang'ono, makamaka kabichi osiyanasiyana. |
| Mavitamini | Ndikofunika kuti kuwonjezera apo, popeza kufunikira kwa iwo mwa amayi omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga kumakulitsidwa. |
Kuti muchepetse kuthamanga kwa glucose ndikuchepetsa kukana kwa insulin, amayi omwe ali ndi shuga amalimbikitsidwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito masewera osachepera mphindi 150 pa sabata. Ngati masewera ndi zakudya sizikwanira, onjezerani mapiritsi. Mankhwala odziwika bwino a shuga ndi Metformin ndi sulfonylureas.
Metformin imatha kutumikiridwa ngakhale pa gawo la prediabetes, popeza tanthauzo lake lalikulu ndi kuchepetsa kukana kwa insulin. Zaka zoyambirira zokhala ndi shuga mwazonse zimatheka pokhapokha mothandizidwa ndi zakudya, masewera ndi Metformin.
Ntchito yopanga insulini ikayamba kutsika (pafupifupi zaka 5 kuyambira pa kuyambika kwa matenda ashuga), sulfonylurea imawonjezeredwa ku Metformin. Mankhwala ofala kwambiri, othandiza komanso otetezeka ndi Amaril ndi mitundu yake yambiri yofanana ndi glimepiride, Diabeteson ndi analogues yokhala ndi nthawi yayitali gliclazide.
Mavuto ndi zotsatirapo zake
Omwe amayamba kudwala matenda a shuga ndi ziwiya za mkazi. Zithunzi zawo zowala, makoma amataya mphamvu, ma capillaries amalephera kwathunthu. Chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa mitsempha, ziwalo zonse zimavutika, koma makamaka maso (retinopathy) ndi impso (nephropathy). Chiwopsezo cha matenda a mtima, kugunda kwa mtima, thrombosis imachulukirachulukira.
Patatha zaka 50, matenda a shuga amayamba kuvulaza thanzi. Chiwopsezo cha matenda obwera ndi ukazi ukuwonjezeka kwambiri, kugona kumakulirakulira, kutentha kumawonjezeka - chizolowezi cha shuga m'magazi pambuyo pa 50.
Matenda a shuga amakhalanso oopsa ku mitsempha ya mayi. Polyneuropathy, encephalopathy, yafupika libido ndizovuta zina zomwe zimakhala ndi shuga. Kuwonongeka kwa magazi kuphatikizira ndi neuropathy kumabweretsa zilonda zam'munsi zomwe zimakhala zovuta kuzisamalira ndipo zimatha kuduladula.
Kupewa
Matenda a shuga sangachiritsidwe, koma amathanso kupewa. Kutsimikizidwa njira zopewera:
- Kuchuluka kwa minofu.
- Kuchepetsa thupi. Ndi prediabetes, azimayi amalangizidwa kuti athetse pafupifupi 7% ya kulemera kwawo koyamba.
- Masewera olimbitsa thupi a aerobic (kuvina, kuthamanga, kusambira mwachangu komanso zina) osachepera theka la ola patsiku.
- Metformin, ngati palibe contraindication.
