Atadutsa mayeso ambiri, atalandira matenda okhumudwitsa komanso chithandizo cha moyo wonse, onse odwala matenda ashuga amadzifunsa kuti: "Chifukwa chiyani ine? Kodi izi zikadapewedwa?" Yankho lokhumudwitsa: Nthawi zambiri, matendawa amatha kupewedwa podziwa chifukwa chake matenda ashuga amapezeka komanso kuchitapo kanthu panthawi yake.
Matenda a Type 2, omwe amapezeka mwa 90% ya odwala, makamaka ndi zomwe timachita. Ndizosadabwitsa kuti kwa zaka zambiri idatengedwa ngati matenda a anthu olemera, ndipo tsopano ikupezeka kwambiri m'maiko omwe ali ndi moyo wambiri. Kupanda kuyenda, zakudya zoyengedwa, kunenepa kwambiri - zonsezi zimayambitsa matenda a shuga zomwe timadzikonzera tokha. Koma mikhalidwe ya moyo wathu ilibe gawo lililonse pakukula kwa matenda amtundu 1, palibe njira zotsimikiziridwira kupewa.
Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a shuga
Chiwerengero cha anthu odwala matenda ashuga padziko lapansi chikukula pang'onopang'ono. Matendawa amakula mwa anthu azaka zilizonse, alibe mafuko ndi akazi. Chodziwika kwa odwala onse ndi kuchuluka kwa glucose m'matumbo. Ichi ndiye chizindikiro chachikulu cha matenda ashuga, popanda iwo matendawa sadzapezeka. Chomwe chikupangidwira ndikuperewera kwa insulini, timadzi timene timayeretsa magazi a glucose, ndikupangitsa kuyenda kwake kukhala m'maselo a thupi. Zokondweretsa, kuperewera uku kumatha kukhala kwamtheradi komanso kopanda malire.
Matenda a shuga ndi kupsinjika kudzakhala chinthu chakale
- Matenda a shuga -95%
- Kuthetsa kwa mitsempha thrombosis - 70%
- Kuthetsa kwa kugunda kwamtima kwamphamvu -90%
- Kuthana ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi - 92%
- Kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu masana, kukonza kugona usiku -97%
Ndi insulin kwathunthu imasiya kupangika mu kapamba. Ndi wachibale, chitsulo chimagwiranso ntchito bwino, ndipo mulingo wa insulin m'mwazi ndiwambiri, ndipo maselo amakana kuzizindikira ndipo mwamakani asalole shuga. Kuchepa kwa wachibale kumawonedwa koyambirira kwa matenda a shuga a 2, mtheradi - kumayambiriro kwa mtundu 1 ndi mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda. Tiyeni tiwone zomwe zimatsogolera ku izi ndikuyambitsa kukula kwa matenda ashuga.
Mtundu woyamba wa shuga
Insulin imapangidwa m'maselo a gawo linalake lapadera - maselo a beta, omwe amapezeka pakatikati pa kapamba - mchira. Mtundu woyamba wa matenda ashuga, maselo a beta amawonongeka, omwe amaletsa kupanga insulin. Mwazi wamagazi umachulukanso pamene maselo opitilira 80% amakhudzidwa. Mpaka pano, njirayi imachitika mosadziwika, maselo abwinobwino a beta amatenga ntchito za omwe awonongedwa.
Pa gawo la kukula kwa shuga, chithandizo chilichonse sichingagwire ntchito, njira yokhayo yopezekera ndi chithandizo cha insulin. Ndikotheka kuzindikira njira yowonongeka kumayambiriro koyambirira mwamwayi, mwachitsanzo, pakamayesedwe asanachitike opaleshoni. Mwanjira iyi, mutha kuchepetsa kukula kwa matenda a shuga mothandizidwa ndi ma immunomodulators.
Matenda a shuga a Type 1 agawidwa m'magulu 2, malingana ndi omwe awononga maselo a beta:
- 1A imayamba chifukwa cha autoimmune process. Kunena zowona, uku ndikulakwitsa kwa chitetezo chathu cha mthupi, chomwe chimaganizira zake zokha ngati maselo ndikuyamba kuwononga. Nthawi yomweyo, maselo oyandikana ndi alpha opanga glucagon ndi maselo okongoletsa omwe amapanga somatostatin samavutika. Kuthamanga kwa njirayi mwa anthu osiyanasiyana ndikosiyana kwambiri, zizindikiro zimatha kuwonekera pakatha miyezi yochepa, komanso patatha sabata. Chizindikiro chachikulu chokhudzana ndi kuyambika kwa matenda a shuga mellitus 1A ndi kupezeka kwa ma autoantibodies osiyanasiyana m'magazi. Nthawi zambiri, ma antibodies kuma islet cell (80% ya milandu) ndi insulin (50%) amapezeka. Ntchito yodziteteza itatha, njira ya autoimmune imayima, chifukwa chake, ndi shuga wa nthawi yayitali, ma antibodies sapezeka.
- 1B imatchedwa idiopathic, imapezeka mwa 10% ya odwala. Imakhala ndi chitukuko cha atypical: kaphatikizidwe ka insulin, shuga wamagazi amakula, ngakhale palibe zizindikiro za autoimmune process. Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a shuga 1B sizikudziwikabe.
Matenda a shuga a Type 1 ndi matenda a achinyamata omwe ali ndi chitetezo chamthupi chambiri, nthawi zambiri chimayambitsa kuwonekera kwake paunyamata. Pambuyo pazaka 40, chiopsezo cha matenda amtunduwu ndi chochepa. Matenda opatsirana, makamaka rubella, mumps, mononucleosis, hepatitis, amatha kukhala chifukwa. Pali umboni wosonyeza kuti thupi limagwirizana, kupsinjika, matenda oyamba ndi mafangasi zomwe zimayambitsa ntchito ya autoimmune.
Asayansi aulula za kubadwa kwa matenda amtundu wa 1. Kukhala ndi abale apamtima omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga kumawonjezera chiwopsezo mwa dongosolo la kukula. Ngati m'modzi mwa anthu awiri omwe ali ndi genotype (mapasa) atakhala ndi matenda ashuga, mu 25-50% ya milandu imachitika wachiwiri. Ngakhale pali mgwirizano wodziwika bwino ndi majini, 2/3 a anthu odwala matenda ashuga alibe achibale omwe akudwala.
Type 2 shuga
Palibe chiphunzitso chovomerezeka chomwe chimayambitsa matenda a shuga 2. Izi zimachitika makamaka chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa matendawo. Kulumikizana kunapezeka ndi zoperewera komanso mtundu wa odwala.
Mulimonsemo, kuyambika kwa matenda ashuga kumayendetsedwa ndi:
- insulin kukana - kuphwanya mayankho a maselo insulin;
- mavuto ndi insulin kaphatikizidwe. Choyamba, pali kuchedwetsa pamene kuchuluka kwakukulu kwa glucose kukalowa m'magazi, kumatha kupezeka pogwiritsa ntchito kuyesa kwa glucose. Ndipo pali zosintha pakupanga insulin, chifukwa chake kusala kudya kumakula. Kuchulukitsa kwa ziphuphu kumabweretsa kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha ma cell a beta, mpaka pakutha kwa kuphatikizika kwa insulin. Zakhazikitsidwa: shuga yabwinoko imalipidwa, ma cell a beta atha kugwira ntchito, ndipo pambuyo pake wodwala adzafunika insulin.
Zoyipa zomwe zingachitike:
| Chifukwa | Feature |
| Kunenepa kwambiri | Chiwopsezo cha matenda a shuga chimachulukana molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa kunenepa kwambiri:
Kunenepa kwambiri sikuti kumayambitsa matenda a shuga okha, koma pamavuto osiyanasiyana, omwe amatchedwa metabolic syndrome. Mafuta ochulukirapo omwe amapezeka kuzungulira ziwalo zamkati amakhala ndi chofunikira kwambiri pakulimbana ndi insulin. |
| Zakudya zokhala ndi shuga wambiri, kusowa kwa mapuloteni komanso CHIKWANGWANI | Kuchuluka kwa shuga, komwe kumalowa m'magazi nthawi, kumapangitsa kuti insulini "itulutsidwe" m'malire. Insulin yotsalira pambuyo pochotsa shuga imayambitsa njala. Mitundu yambiri ya mahomoni imapangitsa maselo kuwonjezera insulin. |
| Kuperewera kwa minofu | Ndi moyo wongokhala, minofu imafuna shuga wocheperako kuposa ndi yogwira, kotero owonjezera amapita ku kaphatikizidwe ka mafuta kapena amasungidwa m'magazi. |
| Makamaka | Kudalira mtundu wa genotype kumatha kuchitika nthawi zambiri kuposa mtundu 1. Chowonadi chikugwirizana ndi chiphunzitso ichi: mmodzi wa mapasa akadwala, mwayi wopewa matenda ashuga wachiwiri ndi ochepera 5%. Kuchepa kwa makolo kumawonjezera chiopsezo mwa ana ndi 2-6 nthawi. Zabadwa zolakwika zomwe zingayambitse kuphwanya malamulo sizinafotokozedwebe. Awa amakhulupirira kuti ndi amitundu payokha. Woyamba ndi amene amachititsa kuti insulin itha kukana, ndipo chachiwiri chizungulire insulin. |
Chifukwa chake, 3 mwa zifukwa 4 zazikuluzikulu zomwe zimayambitsa matenda ashuga ndi zotsatira za moyo wathu. Mukasintha zakudya, kuwonjezera masewera, kusintha kulemera, ma genetic sangakhale opanda mphamvu.
Kuyamba kwa matenda ashuga mwa amuna ndi akazi
Padziko lonse lapansi, matenda a shuga amawonedwanso pafupipafupi kwa amuna ndi akazi. Kudalira kwa chiwopsezo cha matendawa pakugonana kwa munthu kumatha kuchitika m'mibadwo yina yokha:
- ali aang'ono, mwayi wodwala umakulirakulira mwa amuna. Izi ndichifukwa cha magawo omwe amagawa mafuta m'thupi. Kwa amuna, mtundu wam'mimba wakanenepa kwambiri (mafuta a visceral) amakhala ndi khalidwe. Mwa akazi, choyambirira, m'chiuno ndi matako amawonjezeka, mafuta amawaika koopsa - ozungulira. Zotsatira zake, amuna omwe ali ndi BMI ya 32 ndi azimayi omwe ali ndi BMI ya 34 ali ndi mwayi wofanana ndi matenda ashuga;
- patatha zaka 50, kuchuluka kwa azimayi omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga a 2 amakwera kwambiri, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kusamba. Nthawiyi nthawi zambiri imayendetsedwa ndi kuchepa kwa kagayidwe, kuwonjezeka kwa thupi komanso kuwonjezeka kwa lipids m'magazi. Pakadali pano, pali chizolowezi chomaliza kusamba, chifukwa chake, zovuta za carbohydrate mwa azimayi zimakulanso;
- Mtundu woyamba wa matenda ashuga mwa akazi umayamba kale kuposa amuna. Chiwopsezo cha ana cha akazi osiyana siyana chikuwonekera:
| Zaka zazaka | % amadwala | |
| atsikana | anyamata | |
| Kufikira pa 6 | 44 | 32 |
| 7-9 | 23 | 22 |
| 10-14 | 30 | 38 |
| Opitilira 14 | 3 | 8 |
Monga tikuonera patebulopo, atsikana ambiri amadwala ali ndi zaka zapamwamba. Mwa anyamata, nsonga imagwera paunyamata.
- azimayi ndiwotheka kwambiri kuposa amuna ku matenda a autoimmune, chifukwa chake matenda a shuga a 1A amapezeka kwambiri;
- Amuna nthawi zambiri amakhala achinayi kuposa azimayi omwe amamwa mowa mopitirira muyeso, ngakhale samalabadira zaumoyo wawo. Zotsatira zake, amakhala ndi kapamba wovuta - kutupa kosalekeza kwa kapamba. Matenda a shuga angachitike ngati kutupa kwa nthawi yayitali kumafikira maselo a beta;
Zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a shuga kwa ana
Kuchuluka kwa matenda ashuga a mtundu woyamba 1 kumachitika kawiri konse: kuyambira pakubadwa mpaka zaka 6 mpaka zaka 10 mpaka 14. Ndi panthawiyi yomwe zinthu zoyipa zimachita zomwe zimapereka katundu ku kapamba ndi chitetezo cha mthupi. Amanenanso kuti mu makanda chifukwa chomwe chitha kubereka chimakhala chakudya chodyetsa, makamaka mkaka wa ng'ombe kapena wokometsedwa. Matenda akulu amakhudzanso chitetezo chathupi.
The kuchuluka kwa chofooka mu achinyamata chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mahomoni, kuchuluka kwa zochitika mahomoni, okana insulin. Nthawi yomweyo, kuthekera kwa ana popewa kupsinjika kumachepa, kukana kwachilengedwe kwa insulin kumawonekera.
Kwa zaka zambiri, matenda amtundu wa 2 ali mwana anali osowa kwambiri. Pazaka 20 zapitazi, chiwerengero cha ana odwala ku Europe chawonjezeka kasanu, pali chizolowezi chowonjezereka. Monga mwa achikulire, zomwe zimayambitsa matenda a shuga ndi kunenepa kwambiri, kusowa masewera olimbitsa thupi, komanso kusachita bwino.
Kuwunika kwa moyo kukuwonetsa kuti ana amakono asintha masewerawa pakompyuta ndi pakompyuta. Mkhalidwe wazakudya za achinyamata wasinthanso kwambiri. Ngati pali chosankha, zokonda zimaperekedwa ku zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi kalori yambiri, koma zakudya zochepa: zakudya zazakudya, chakudya chofulumira, zakudya zamafuta. Chokoleti cha chokoleti chinakhala chosakhazikika, chomwe sichinali chanzeru m'zaka zapitazi. Nthawi zambiriulendo wopita kumalo odyera othamanga amakhala njira yolipirira mwana pazomwe wakwanitsa, kukondwerera zochitika zosangalatsa zomwe zimakhudza kadyedwe kake muunyamata ndi kukula.
