Mukufuna kudziwa kuti ndi njira yanji yomwe imayambitsa matenda a shuga pamagazi a ma cell? Werengani mawu omwe awerengedwa kuchokera mu buku la Wopambana wa Nobel mu mphotho ya thupi ndi mankhwala a “Telomere athari”.
Bukuli, lolemba ndi Elizabeth Helen Blackburn, wasayansi ya cytogenetic, wopambana mphoto ya Nobel mothandizana ndi katswiri wazamisala, Elissa Epel, limadzipereka kwambiri kuukalamba pamlingo wa ma cell. "Otchulidwa kwambiri" pantchitoyi amatha kutchedwa ma telomeres - kubwereza zidutswa za DNA yopanda zolembedwa yomwe ili kumapeto kwa chromosomes. Ma Telomeres, omwe amafupikitsidwa ndi magawo amtundu uliwonse, amathandizira kudziwa momwe maselo athu amafulumira komanso akamwalira, kutengera kutopa kwake.
Chodziwika bwino cha sayansi chinali chakuti magawo omaliza a chromosomes amathanso kutalika. Chifukwa chake, kukalamba ndi njira yamphamvu yomwe imatha kuchepetsedwa kapena kuthamangitsidwa, ndipo m'lingaliro lina limasinthidwa.
Lingaliro linanso lofunikira: ma telomere achidule amathandizira pakupanga shuga. Chifukwa chake izi zikuchitika akufotokozedwa mu gawo limodzi kuchokera mu buku la "Telomere Effect. Njira Yotembenukira ku Wachinyamata, Moyo Wathanzi, Ndi Moyo Wautali"zomwe tapatsidwa kuti zitha kufalitsidwa ndi Eksmo Publishing House.
Ngakhale mutalemera zochuluka motani, mimba yayikulu ikutanthauza kuti pali zovuta za metabolic. Izi zikugwiranso ntchito kwa anthu omwe ali ndi mimba yamowa, ndipo omwe BMI yake ndiyabwinobwino, koma m'chiuno ndilofalikira kuposa chiuno. Metabolism yovuta nthawi zambiri imatanthawuza kupezeka kwa zinthu zingapo zoopsa nthawi imodzi: mafuta am'mimba, cholesterol yayikulu, kuthamanga kwa magazi, ndi insulin. Dokotala akapeza zina mwa zinthu zitatuzi mwa inu, adzakupezani matenda a metabolic, omwe ndi matenda a mtima, khansa, komanso matenda ashuga, chimodzi mwazomwe zimawopseza thanzi la anthu m'zaka zam'ma 2000.
Matenda a shuga ndi vuto lalikulu padziko lonse. Matendawa ali ndi mndandanda wautali komanso wowopsa wazotsatira zazitali, kuphatikiza matenda amtima, stroke, kusawona bwino, komanso mavuto am'mitsempha, omwe angafunikire kudulidwa. Anthu opitilira 387 miliyoni padziko lonse lapansi - pafupifupi 9% ya anthu padziko lonse lapansi - ali ndi matenda a shuga.
Umu ndi momwe mtundu wachiwiri wa shuga umachitikira. Kutukuka kwa chakudya kwamunthu wathanzi kumaphwanya chakudya m'magulu a shuga. Ma cell a pancreatic beta amapanga timadzi tating'onoting'ono timene timalowa m'magazi ndipo timaloledwa kulowa m'magazi a thupi kuti amaligwiritsa ntchito ngati mafuta. Ma molekyulu a insulin amamangiriza ma receptor pamwamba pa cell ngati kiyi yomwe imalowetsedwa mu kisungidwe. Loko limazungulira, khungu limatsegula chitseko ndikudutsa mamolekyulu a glucose mkati. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka m'mimba m'mimba kapena mafuta m'chiwindi, kukana insulini kumatha, ndipo chifukwa chake, maselo amasiya kuyankha moyenera ku insulin. Maloko awo - ma insulin receptors - amalephera, ndipo kiyi - mamolekyulidwe a insulin - sangathe kutsegulanso.
Ma mamolekyulu a glucose omwe sangathe kulowa mu cell kudzera pakhomo amatayidwa m'magazi. Ziribe kanthu kuchuluka kwa kapamba amachititsa insulini, shuga akupitilira kudziunjikira m'magazi. Matenda a shuga a Type I amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusayenda bwino kwa ma cell a beta a kapamba, chifukwa amasiya kupanga insulin yokwanira. Pali chiopsezo cha metabolic syndrome. Ndipo ngati simulamulira kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, matendawa amapezekanso.
Kodi ndichifukwa chiyani anthu omwe amakhala ndi mafuta ambiri am'mimba amawonjezera kukana kwawo kwa insulin komanso kuthekera kwa matenda ashuga? Zakudya zopanda pake, moyo wongokhala ndi kupsinjika kumathandizira kuti pakhale mafuta m'mimba ndikuwonjezera shuga. Mwa anthu omwe ali ndi m'mimba, ma telomere amakhala amafupikitsa kwa zaka zambiri, ndipo zikuwoneka kuti kuchepetsa kwawo kumakulitsa vutoli ndi kukana kwa insulin.
Kafukufuku waku Danish wokhudzana ndi mapasa 338 adapeza kuti ma telomeres afupiafupi ndi omwe amayambitsa kukana kwa insulin pazaka 12 zotsatira. M'mapasa awiri aliwonse, m'modzi mwa iwo omwe ma telomere ake anali afupifupi adawonetsa kukana insulini kwambiri. Asayansi awonetsa mobwerezabwereza mgwirizano pakati pa telomeres lalifupi ndi matenda ashuga. Ma telomeres achidule amawonjezera mwayi wokhala ndi matenda ashuga: anthu omwe ali ndi cholowa chakantha telomere syndrome amatha kukhala ndi matendawa kuposa anthu ena onse. Matenda a shuga amayambira molawirira ndipo amakula mwachangu. Kafukufuku wa amwenye, omwe pazifukwa zingapo ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha matenda ashuga, amaperekanso zokhumudwitsa. Ku India wokhala ndi ma telomeres achidule, mwayi wokhala ndi matenda ashuga mzaka zisanu zikubwera kawiri kuposa oyimira gulu limodzi lokhala ndi telomeres yayitali.
Kafukufuku wokhudza meta omwe akukhudza anthu opitilira 7,000 adawonetsa kuti ma telomeres amfupi m'magazi ndi chizindikiro chodalirika cha matenda amtsogolo.
Sitikudziwa njira yopanga matenda a shuga, komanso titha kuyang'anitsitsa mu kapamba kuti tiwone zomwe zimachitika mmenemo. Mary Armanios ndi anzawo adawonetsa kuti mbewa, ma telomere atachepetsedwa mthupi lonse (asayansi adakwaniritsa izi ndi kusintha kwa majini), maselo a pancreatic beta amataya kutulutsa insulin. Ma cell a stem mu kanyumba akalamba, ma telomeres awo akucheperachepera, ndipo sangathenso kubwereza kuchuluka kwa maselo a beta omwe ali ndi udindo wopanga insulini ndikuwongolera msinkhu wake. Maselo awa amafa. Ndipo ndikulemba kuti matenda ashuga amayamba bizinesi.
Ndi mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda ashuga II, maselo a beta samafa, koma magwiridwe akewo ndi operewera. Chifukwa chake, pankhaniyi,, ma telomere afupiafupi amatha kupanga nawo gawo. Mwa munthu wina wathanzi, mlatho kuchokera m'mimba mpaka mafuta a shuga ungayambitse kutupa. Mafuta am'mimba amathandizira kwambiri kukulitsa kutupa kuposa, titero, mafuta m'chiuno.
Maselo amtundu wa Adipose amapanga zinthu zomwe zimapangitsa kuti maselo aziteteza chitetezo chamthupi, zisanachitike, zimapangitsa kuti achepetse ndikuwononga ma telomeres awo. Monga momwe mukukumbukira, maselo akale, nawonso, amavomerezedwa kuti atumize zizindikiro zosayimira zomwe zimalimbikitsa kutupa mthupi lonse - bwalo loipa limapezeka. Ngati muli ndi mafuta ochulukirapo am'mimba, muyenera kusamala kuti mudziteteze ku kutupa kosatha, telomeres yochepa, ndi metabolic syndrome. Koma musanadye chakudya kuti muchotse mafuta m'mimba, werengani mpaka kumapeto: mutha kusankha kuti chakudyacho chikukula. Osadandaula: tikukupatsani njira zinanso zotithandizira kuti kagayidwe kanu kagwire.
Zakudya, ma telomeres ndi metabolism zimalumikizana, koma uku ndi ubale wovuta kwambiri. Nazi zifukwa zomwe akatswiri osiyanasiyana omwe adasanthula za kuchepa kwa thupi pama telomeres.
- Kuchepetsa thupi kumachepetsa mphamvu ya telomere contraction
- Kuchepetsa thupi sikumakhudza ma telomeres.
- Kusalala kumathandiza kuwonjezera kutalika kwa ma telomeres.
- Kuchepetsa thupi kumabweretsa kutsika kwa ma telomeres.
Zosokoneza pamalingaliro, sichoncho? (Mapeto omaliza adachokera ku kafukufuku wa anthu omwe adachitidwa opaleshoni ya bariatric: chaka chotsatira, ma telomeres awo adakhala ofupikira. Koma izi zitha chifukwa cha kupsinjika kwa thupi komwe kumayenderana ndi opareshoni).
Tikukhulupirira kuti zotsutsana izi zimasonyezanso kuti kulemera kokha sikofunika kwambiri. Kuchepetsa thupi mwazonse kungafotokozere kuti metabolism ikusintha. Zina mwa zosinthazi ndikuchotsa mafuta m'mimba. Ndikokwanira kuchepetsa kulemera kwathunthu - ndipo kuchuluka kwa mafuta m'chiuno kumacheperachepera, makamaka ngati mumalimbikira kwambiri masewera, osangochepetsa kudya kalori. Kusintha kwina kwabwino ndikuwonjezereka kwa insulin. Asayansi omwe adayang'ana gulu la odzipereka kwa zaka 10-12 adazindikira: momwe adayamba kulemera (zomwe zimadziwika kwa anthu ambiri azaka), telomeres yawo idakhala yofupikirapo. Kenako asayansi adaganiza kuti adziwe kuti ndi gawo liti lomwe limapangitsa gawo lalikulu - kunenepa kwambiri kapena kuchuluka kwa insulin, komwe kumayenderana ndi izo. Ndiye kuti kukana insulini kumapangitsa njira kunenepa kwambiri.
Lingaliro lakuti kusamalira kagayidwe ndikofunika kwambiri kuposa kungotaya thupi ndikofunikira kwambiri, ndipo zonse chifukwa cha zakudya zimatha kuvulaza kwambiri thupi.
Tikati tachepetsa thupi, imayilo yamkati imayamba kusewera yomwe imasokoneza kuphatikiza zotsatirazo. Thupi limawoneka kuti likuyesera kukhalabe ndi kulemera kwinakwake ndipo, tikamachepetsa thupi, limachepetsa kagayidwe kachakudya kuti muthanso kupeza ma kilogalamu otayika (metabolic adaptation). Izi ndizowona zodziwika, koma palibe amene angalingalire kuti kusintha koteroko kungapite pati. Phunziro lomvetsa chisoni linatiphunzitsidwa ndi odzipereka olimba mtima omwe adavomera kutenga nawo mbali pazowonetsa "The Biggest Loser". Malingaliro ake ndi osavuta: anthu onenepa kwambiri adapikisana pakati pawo omwe amachepetsa kwambiri m'miyezi isanu ndi umodzi ndi zakudya komanso masewera olimbitsa thupi.
Dr. Kevin Hall, pamodzi ndi ogwira nawo ntchito ku National Institute of Health, adaganiza zowunika momwe kuthamangitsidwa kwakanthawi kwamakilogalamu ambiri kumakhudzira kagayidwe ka ophunzira omwe, pamapeto a ziwonetsero, anali atataya mpaka 40% ya kulemera kwawo koyamba (pafupifupi ma kilogalamu 58). Zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi pambuyo pake, Hall anayeza kulemera kwawo ndi kagayidwe ka metabolism. Ambiri a iwo adachira, koma adatha kukhala pamlingo wofanana ndi 88% ya kulemera koyambirira (asadatengeko pachiwonetsero). Koma chosasangalatsa kwambiri: kumapeto kwa pulogalamuyo, kagayidwe kake kamachepa kwambiri kotero kuti thupi lidayamba kuwotcha 610 calories tsiku lililonse.
Patatha zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi, ngakhale anali atangopeza kumene kulemera, kusinthasintha kwa metabolic kunayamba kutchuka kwambiri, ndipo tsopano omwe anali nawo pachiwonetsero adawotcha zopatsa mphamvu 700 patsiku kuposa chisonyezo choyambirira. Mwadzidzidzi, sichoncho? Inde, anthu ochepa amachepetsa thupi kwambiri komanso mwachangu, koma aliyense wa ife amachepetsa mphamvu ya metabolic atachepetsa thupi, ngakhale pang'ono. Komanso, izi zimapitilira pambuyo pobwereza ma kilogalamu otayika.
Vinthu izi zimadziwika kuti ndi kuzungulira kwa thupi: dieter kenako imalemera, kenako ndikuyipeza, ndikubwerezanso mavu ndi kupeza, ndi zina zotero.
Mwa iwo omwe akufuna kuchepetsa thupi, osakwana 5% amatha kutsata zakudya kwambiri ndikuphatikiza zomwe zapezedwa kwa zaka zosachepera zisanu. Otsala 95% amatha kusiya thupi kuti ayese kunenepa, kapena kupitilirabe, kumangodya zakudya, kuchepa thupi, kenako ndikuchira. Kwa ambiri a ife, njira imeneyi tsopano ndi gawo la moyo, makamaka kwa azimayi omwe amachita nthabwala pankhani iyi (mwachitsanzo: "Mtsikana woonda amakhala mkati mwanga ndikupempha kuti atulutsidwe. Nthawi zambiri ndimamupatsa makeke ndipo amakhala pansi" ) Koma zidakhazikitsidwa kuti dera lolemera limabweretsa kutsika kwa telomere kutalika. Kuzungulira kwa thupi kumakhala koyipa ku thanzi lathu ndipo kuli ponseponse kotero kuti tikufuna kuti aliyense athe kudziwa izi. Anthu omwe amadya pafupipafupi amadyera kwakanthawi, kenako sangathe kuzipirira ndikuyamba kudya kwambiri ndi maswiti ndi zotayira zina. Kusintha mwadzidzidzi pakati pa njira zoletsa ndi kudya kwambiri ndi vuto lalikulu kwambiri.
