Mapamba amunthu, pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana, nthawi zambiri sangatulutse insulini. Kenako muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito majini okhala ndi insulin, yomwe imalowa m'malo mwa insulin ya anthu.
Mtundu wa insulin waumunthu umapezeka mu kapangidwe ka Escherichia coli, kapena kuchokera ku insulin ya insulin ndikusintha amino acid.
Kuti muyesere magwiridwe antchito a kapamba amunthu, ma jakisoni a insulin amachitika. Mtundu wa insulin umasankhidwa kutengera mtundu wa matenda komanso thanzi la wodwalayo. Insulin imatha kutumikiridwa kudzera m'mitsempha kapena intramuscularly. Kwa chithandizo cha moyo wonse komanso chautali, jakisoni wa subcutaneous amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri.
Zolemba za insulin
Insulin wodwala matenda a shuga amafunikira chithandizo cha moyo wonse. Moyo wa munthu umadalira kupezeka kwa insulin. Matendawa amadziwika kuti ndi mliri wosagonjetseka ndipo umakhala wachitatu malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa dziko lapansi.
Kwa nthawi yoyamba, insulin idapangidwa kuchokera ku zikondamoyo za galu. Patatha chaka chimodzi, mankhwalawo adayamba kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Pambuyo pa zaka 40, adatha kupanga mahomoni munthawi ya mankhwala.
Pambuyo kanthawi, mitundu ya insulin yokhala ndi kuyeretsa kwambiri idapangidwa. Ntchito ikuchitikanso kuti mupange insulin yaumunthu. Kuyambira 1983, mahomoni awa adayamba kumasulidwa pamsika wamafuta.
M'mbuyomu, anthu odwala matenda ashuga ankalandira mankhwala opangidwa ndi nyama. Tsopano mankhwalawa ndi oletsedwa. M'mafakitala, mutha kungogula ma genetic engineering, kupanga mankhwalawa kumangotengera kusintha kwa chinthu cha jini mu cell ya microorganism.
Pachifukwa ichi, yisiti kapena mtundu wa mabakiteriya a E. coli umagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zotsatira zake, tizilombo tating'onoting'ono timayamba kupanga hormone ya insulin ya anthu.
Insulin yamakono yamankhwala ndi yosiyana:
- nthawi yowonekera, pali yochepa, ma ultrashort komanso ma insulin omwe amakhala nthawi yayitali,
- kutsatira kwa amino acid.
Palinso mankhwala osakanikirana omwe amatchedwa osakaniza. Monga gawo la ndalama zotere pali insulin yoleza mtima komanso yochepa.
Kupeza insulini kungathenso kuwonetsedwa mu matenda monga:
- Ketoacidosis ndi matenda ashuga,
- Lactic acid, matenda ashuga ndi hypersmolar,
- Mtundu woyamba wa matenda a shuga a insulin
- Ndi matenda, chithandizo cha opaleshoni, kuchulukitsa kwa matenda osachiritsika,
- Matenda a shuga ndi / kapena kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi, pakati komanso pobereka.
- Type 2 osagwirizana ndi insulin omwe amadalira matenda a shuga
- Zotupa za khungu la Dystrophic,
- Kulimbitsa kwambiri munjira zosiyanasiyana,
- Njira yayitali yopatsirana.
Kutalika kwa insulin
Potengera nthawi ndi magwiridwe antchito, insulin imasiyanitsidwa:
- ultrashort
- mwachidule
- nthawi yayitali
- kuchitapo kanthu kwanthawi yayitali.
Ultrashort amalowetsa zinthu pambuyo jakisoni. Kuchuluka kwake kumatheka pambuyo pa ola limodzi ndi theka.
Kutalika kwa zochita kumafika maola 4. Insulin yamtunduwu imatha kutumikiridwa musanadye kapena musanadye. Kupeza insulini sikutanthauza kuti pakhale pakati pa jakisoni ndi chakudya.
Ultrashort insulin sikufuna zakudya zowonjezera pamtambo wa kuchitapo, komwe ndikosavuta kuposa mitundu ina. Insulin yotere imaphatikizapo:
- Apidra
- Insulin Novorapid,
- Chichewa.
Ma insulin afupia amayamba kuchita pambuyo pa theka la ola. Chiwongola dzanja chikuyambira patatha maola atatu. Zochitazo zimatha pafupifupi maola 5. Insulin yamtunduwu imaperekedwa musanadye, muyenera kukhalabe ndi pakati pa jakisoni ndi chakudya. Kudya kumaloledwa pambuyo pa mphindi 15.
Kugwiritsa ntchito insulin yocheperako, muyenera kumangodula pang'ono patatha maola angapo kuti jakisoni. Nthawi ya Chakudya ifanane ndi nthawi yapamwamba ya mahomoni. Ma insulin afupia:
- Himulin Wokhazikika,
- Khalid
- Monodar (K50, K30, K15),
- Insuman Rapid,
- Humodar ndi ena.
Ma insulini apakatikati ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe nthawi yayitali ya maola 12-16. Mtundu woyamba wa shuga, insulin yamunthu imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati maziko kapena basal. Nthawi zina muyenera kupanga jakisoni 2 kapena katatu patsiku m'mawa ndi madzulo ndikupumira kwa maola 12.
Insulin yotere imayamba kugwira ntchito pambuyo pa maola 1-3, ikufika pachimake patatha maola 4-8. Kutalika ndi maola 12-16. Mankhwala apakatikati
- Humodar br
- Protafan
- Humulin NPH,
- Novomiks.
- Insuman Bazal.
Ma insulin omwe amakhala nthawi yayitali amakhala a insulin kapena oyambira insal. Munthu angafunike jakisoni imodzi kapena iwiri patsiku. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza matenda a shuga a 2.
Mankhwala amakhala ndi cumulative effect. Mphamvu ya Mlingo imawonekera kwambiri pambuyo masiku atatu. Wothandizirana kwa nthawi yayitali amagwira ntchito patatha maola 4-6 jakisoni. Zochita zawo zapamwamba zimachitika m'maola 11 mpaka 14, izi zomwe zimachitika pafupifupi tsiku limodzi.
Mwa zina mwa mankhwalawa, pali ma insulin omwe alibe phindu. Ndalama zotere zimachitika modekha ndipo nthawi zambiri zimatsata mphamvu za mahomoni achilengedwe mwa munthu wathanzi.
Izi insulini ndi monga:
- Lantus
- Monodar Long,
- Monodar ultralong,
- Ultralente
- Ultralong,
- Humulin L ndi ena,
- Lantus
- Levemir.
Zotsatira zoyipa ndi kuphwanya kwamiyeso
Ndi bongo wa insulin yokonzekera mwa anthu, zotsatirazi zingaoneke:
- Zofooka
- Thukuta lozizira
- Pallor
- Kudzanjenjemera
- Kusweka mtima
- Mutu
- Njala
- Zingwe.
Zonsezi pamwambapa zimawonetsedwa ngati zizindikiro za hypoglycemia. Ngati mkhalidwe wayamba kumene ndipo mukuyamba kale, mutha kuchotsa zizindikirazo mwaumoyo. Pachifukwa ichi, tengani zinthu zokhala ndi shuga ndi chakudya chamafuta ambiri.
Komanso yankho la dextrose ndi glucagon limatha kuyambitsidwa m'thupi. Wodwala akayamba kupsinjika, njira yosinthika ya dextrose iyenera kuperekedwa. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito mpaka mkhalidwe utasintha.
Odwala ena amatha kuyambitsidwa ndi insulin. Zina mwazizindikiro zazikulu ndi:
- Kutha
- Kutupa,
- Urticaria,
- Kuthamanga
- Thupi
- Kuyabwa
- Kutsitsa magazi.
Hyperglycemia imachitika chifukwa cha mankhwala ochepa kapena chifukwa cha matenda opatsirana, komanso chifukwa chosagwirizana ndi zakudya. Nthawi zina munthu amakumana ndi lipodystrophy komwe mankhwalawa amaperekedwa.
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa, amatha kuonekanso mwachidule:
- Kudzera,
- Kugona
- Kuchepetsa chidwi.
Kupeza wolowa mmalo m'malo mwa insulin ya anthu ndi njira yabwino yochizira matenda ashuga. Thupi limathandizira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi, chifukwa chakuti glucose amatha kulowa bwino ndi maselo, momwe kayendedwe kamayendedwe ake amasinthira. Mankhwalawa amalowa m'malo mwa insulin ya anthu, koma amayenera kumwedwa kokha ngati akuwongoleredwa ndi dokotala, chifukwa pakhoza kukhala zotsatirapo zoyipa zaumoyo.
Mayendedwe ofunikira pakugwiritsira ntchito
Amayi omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga ayenera kudziwitsa oyang'anira azaumoyo za zakutsogolo kapenanso kukhala ndi pakati. Gulu lotere la azimayi nthawi zambiri limafuna kuti mkaka wa m`mawere kusintha mlingo wa insulin, komanso zakudya.
Pofufuza kuwopsa kwa kukonzekera kwa insulin, asayansi sanapeze vuto la mutagenic.
Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti kufunika kwa mahomoni kumatha kuchepa ngati munthu ali ndi vuto la impso. Munthu amatha kusamutsidwira ku mtundu wina wa insulin kapena ku mankhwala enaake okhala ndi dzina lina loyang'aniridwa ndi achipatala okha.
Mlingo uyenera kusinthidwa ngati ntchito ya insulin, mtundu wake kapena mgwirizano wa mitundu yasinthidwa. Kufunika kwa insulini kungachepetse ndi matenda otsatirawa:
- Ntchito zosakwanira za adrenal, England
- Hepatic ndi aimpso kulephera.
Ndi kupsinjika kwa m'maganizo kapena matenda ena, kufunika kwa insulin kumawonjezeka. Kusintha kwa mankhwalawa kumafunikanso ndi kulimbitsa thupi.
Zizindikiro za hypoglycemia, ngati insulin ya anthu imagwiridwa, ikhoza kutchulidwa kochepa kapena zosiyana ndi zomwe zinali ndi insulin yoyambira nyama.
Ndi matenda a shuga wamagazi, mwachitsanzo, chifukwa cha chithandizo champhamvu ndi insulin, zonse kapena mawonekedwe ena a hypoglycemia amatha, zomwe anthu ayenera kudziwa.
Zoyambirira za hypoglycemia zimatha kusintha kapena kukhala zofatsa ndi chithandizo cha matenda ashuga nthawi yayitali kapenanso kugwiritsa ntchito beta-blockers.
Zotsatira zoyipa zam'deralo zimatha kuyambika pazifukwa zosakhudzana ndi mphamvu ya mankhwalawa, mwachitsanzo, kuyambitsa khungu pakhungu ndi mankhwala kapena jakisoni wosayenera.
Nthawi zina, mapangidwe a khungu nthawi zonse sayanjana, chithandizo chamankhwala ndikofunikira. Desensitization kapena kusintha kwa insulini kungafunenso.
Ndi hypoglycemia mwa anthu, chidwi ndi kuthamanga kwa zomwe psychomotor zimatha kuchepa. Izi zitha kukhala zowopsa nthawi zomwe ntchitozi ndizofunikira. Mwachitsanzo, kuyendetsa galimoto kapena njira zosiyanasiyana.
Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga ayenera kulangizidwa kuti azisamala popewa kuyendetsa magalimoto.
Izi ndizofunikira kwambiri kwa anthu omwe ali ndi vuto losazindikira, lomwe ndi harbinger la hypoglycemia. Muzochitika izi, adotolo opezekapo amayenera kuwunika kufunika kochita-galimoto modekha. Kanemayo munkhaniyi ayankhula za mitundu ya insulin.
