Kagayidwe kazakudya mu thupi kamayendetsedwa ndi mahomoni opangidwa ndi kapamba - insulin ndi glucagon, ndipo amakhudzidwanso ndi mahomoni a adrenal gland, gland planditary ndi chithokomiro cha chithokomiro.
Mwa mahomoni onsewa, insulin yokha ndiyo imatha kutsitsa shuga. Kusunga shuga wabwinobwino wamagazi, motero ngozi yakukula kwa matenda ashuga, zimatengera kuchuluka kwake komwe amapangidwa komanso kuchuluka kwa maselo omwe angayankhe kutero.
Glucagon imagwira mwachindunji ndi insulin, kuthekera kwa kuyamwa michere ndikusandutsa mphamvu kapena mafuta zimatengera chiyezo cha mahomoni awa.
Ntchito za insulin m'thupi
Insulin ndi mahomoni opangidwa ndi kapamba m'misumbu ya Langerhans. Awa ndi magulu ang'onoang'ono a ma cell okhala ndi mitundu isanu.
- Ma cell a Alfa amatulutsa glucagon.
- Maselo a Beta amatulutsa insulin.
- Delta cell secrete somatostatin.
- Maselo a PP amagwira ntchito ngati malo opangira pancreatic polypeptide
- Maselo a Epsilon ndi omwe amapangitsa kuti pakhale ghrelin.
Insulin ndi glucagon ndi mahomoni awiri omwe amasunga kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Zotsatira zamachitidwe awo ndizosiyana mwachindunji: kuchepa kwa shuga m'magazi pansi pa insulin ndi kuwonjezeka pamene glucagon amalowa m'magazi.
Zotsatira za insulin pakuchepetsa shuga m'magazi zimachitika chifukwa cha njira zingapo zofunika:
- Minofu ndi adipose minofu imayamba kugwiritsa ntchito shuga mphamvu.
- Glycogen imapangidwa kuchokera ku glucose ndipo imasungidwa mu chiwindi ndi minofu yosungirako.
- Imachepetsa kuphulika kwa glycogen ndi kupanga kwa shuga.
Udindo wa insulin ndikuyendetsa glucose kudzera mu membrane wa cell kuti mugwiritse ntchito mu cell.
Kutenga kwa insulini mu metabolism yamafuta ndikofunikira pakupanga kwamafuta, mafuta amafuta aulere komanso kuchepa kwa kuwonongeka kwa mafuta. Mothandizidwa ndi insulin, zomwe zimapangidwa ndi lipoprotein m'magazi zimachulukitsa, zimathandizira kuti pakhale mafuta komanso kuti kunenepa kwambiri.
Insulin ndi ya mahomoni a anabolic - imalimbikitsa kukula ndi magawikidwe a maselo, imathandizira kaphatikizidwe ka mapuloteni, imathandizira kuyamwa kwa amino acid. Izi zimachitika motsutsana ndi mbiri yakuchepa kwa kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni, chifukwa chake insulin imayambitsa kuchuluka kwa minofu, imagwiritsidwa ntchito pazolinga izi ndi osewera (omanga thupi).
Insulin imathandizira kapangidwe ka RNA ndi DNA, kubereka, kukula kwa maselo, mothandizidwa ndi, minofu imayamba ntchito yodzipulumutsa yokha. Imagwira ntchito ya antioxidant m'thupi ndipo imalepheretsa kuwonongeka ndi kuwononga ziwalo. Ntchitoyi imatchulidwa makamaka ali aang'ono.
Insulin ilinso ndi zovuta zingapo pakugwira ntchito kwa thupi:
- Amathandizira kukhalabe ndi kamvekedwe ka minyewa, kupangitsa kukulira kwa minofu yamimba.
- Amathandizira amanyazi ndi ma cell chitetezo chokwanira.
- Imayang'anira mapangidwe a ziwalo mu mwana wosabadwayo.
- Amachita nawo hematopoiesis.
- Kuchulukitsa kaphatikizidwe ka estradiol ndi progesterone.
Insulin imakhudzanso dongosolo lamkati lamanjenje: imathandizira kuti ubongo ukhale wodziwa zambiri zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa shuga, umakhudza kukumbukira, chidwi, masewera olimbitsa thupi, kumwa, kugona ndi kusala.
Udindo wa insulini pamakhalidwe oyanjana, kucheza komanso kuchita ukali, chidwi chamkati chidaphunzira.
Mphamvu ya glucagon pa kagayidwe kachakudya
Glucagon ndiwotsutsa wa insulini ndipo kuchitapo kwake ndikufuna kuwonjezera glucose wamagazi. Amalumikizana ndi ma receptor a maselo a chiwindi ndikupereka chizindikiro chakutha kwa glycogen ku glucose. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa glucagon kwa maola 4 kumatha kuchotsa chiwindi chonse cha glycogen.
Kuphatikiza apo, glucagon imathandizira kupangidwa kwa glucose m'chiwindi. Mu minyewa ya mtima, timadzi timene timayendetsa minyewa ya minyewa, yomwe imawonetsedwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi, mphamvu komanso kugunda kwa mtima. Glucagon imapangitsa kuti magazi azikhala ndi minyewa.
Izi za glucagon zimapangitsa kuti azitenga nawo mbali pakulabadira kwamphamvu kwa thupi kukapanikizika, kotchedwa "kugunda kapena kuthamanga." Adrenaline ndi cortisol zimathandizanso. Glucagon imachepetsa masitolo ogulitsa mafuta komanso imathandizira kuphwanya mapuloteni kukhala ma amino acid.
Kuchita kwa glucagon mu shuga mellitus kumangowonjezera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, komanso mu ketoacidosis.
Chiwerengero cha insulin ndi glucagon
Glucagon ndi insulin zimapatsa thupi mphamvu yofunikira. Glucagon imakulitsa msanga kuti igwiritsidwe ntchito ndi ubongo ndi maselo amthupi, imatulutsa mafuta m'masungidwe kuti ayake. Insulin imathandizira glucose kulowa m'magazi kulowa m'maselo, momwe amathandizira kuti apange mphamvu.
Chiwerengero cha insulin ndi glucagon chimatchedwa insulin glucagon index. Zimatengera momwe chakudya chogwiritsidwira ntchito - chimalandila mphamvu kapena kusungidwa m'masungidwe amafuta. Ndi index ya glucagon yotsika (pomwe pali glucagon ochulukirapo), chakudya chochuluka chogwiritsidwa ntchito kumanga minofu ndikupanga mphamvu
Kuwonjezeka kwa insulin glucagon index (ngati pali insulin yambiri) kumapangitsa kuti mafuta azikhala ndi mafuta ambiri.
Kupanga kwa glucagon kumalimbikitsidwa ndi mapuloteni, ndi insulin ndi chakudya chamafuta ndi ma amino acid. Pamene masamba (fiber) ndi mafuta zilowa mthupi, palibe imodzi mwamahisimuyi yomwe imalimbikitsidwa.
Mwanjira yosavuta, kapangidwe kake ka chakudya kamakhala ndi zotsatirapo zake pakupanga mahomoni:
- Chakudya chimagwira chakudya chambiri - kwambiri insulin.
- Pali mapuloteni ochulukirapo mu chakudya, zakudya zochepa - glucagon azikula.
- Kudya michere yambiri kuchokera kumasamba ndi mafuta - kuchuluka kwa insulin ndi glucagon ndi chimodzimodzi monga chakudya chisanachitike.
- Pali chakudya cham'mimba, mapuloteni, CHIKWANGWANI ndi mafuta mu chakudya - kuchuluka kwa mahomoni. Izi ndiye zotsatira zabwino za zakudya zoyenera.
Zakudya zomanga thupi zimasiyana mgonero komanso kutembenuka kwa glucose. Zosavuta, zomwe zimaphatikizapo shuga, ufa oyera, umalowera m'magazi, ndikupangitsa kuti insulini itulutsidwe. Zakudya zomanga thupi kuchokera ku ufa wonse wa chimanga, chimanga chimakumbidwa pang'onopang'ono, komabe mulingo wa insulin, ngakhale utakhala bwino, umakwera.
Chizindikiro chomwe chimakhudza index ya insulin glucagon ndiko kuthekera kwa zinthu kukulitsa shuga m'magazi (motero, insulin), ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kotere. Katunduyu wamalonda akuwonetsa glycemic index (GI).
Zimatengera kapangidwe kazinthuzo ndi momwe amakonzekerera. Chifukwa chake, mwachitsanzo, kwa mbatata yophika - 65 (sikelo kuchokera pa 0 mpaka 100), komanso tchipisi cha mbatata - 95, ma GI otsika kwambiri ndi broccoli, kabichi, nkhaka, mtedza, bowa, tofu, avocado, masamba a masamba. GI Yovomerezeka, yomwe ilibe kudumphira mu glucose, ndi 35-40.
Zakudya zamagulu ochepa zama glycemic zomwe zimalimbikitsidwa odwala matenda ashuga komanso kunenepa kwambiri ndi monga:
- Mpunga wakuda, barele wa ngale, mphodza, nyemba zobiriwira.
- Tomato, biringanya.
- Tchizi chamafuta ochepa, mkaka, yogurt yamafuta ochepa.
- Dzungu nthanga.
- Maapulo atsopano, maula, nectarine, apricot, yamatcheri, sitiroberi, rasipiberi.
Ndikofunikira kupatula zakudya zomwe zili ndi GI yayikulu ndikuphwanya chakudya ndi mafuta metabolism. Izi zimaphatikizapo shuga, makeke oyera oyera, mbatata zophika, Zakudyazi za mpunga, uchi, kaloti owiritsa, mapira am chimanga, mbatata, mapira, zamapichesi, umzake, semolina, mpunga, mphesa ndi nthochi.
Zimawonjezera kuphika kwa GI, kuphika ndi kupera. Zakudya zonse zophatikizidwa: chimanga chokhacho, mbatata zosenda zimasonkhezera kukwera kwa shuga wamagazi koposa zakudya zonse. Kuchepetsa GI, mutha kuwonjezera michere yazakudya munjira ya chinangwa - oat, tirigu, buckwheat kapena rye kuphika kapena phala.
Pokonzekera kadyedwe koyenera, ndikofunikira kukumbukira kuti zopatsa mphamvu ndi mafuta a glycemic sizilumikizidwa, chifukwa chake, kudya kwambiri zakudya zilizonse kumaphwanya njira za metabolic. Izi ndichifukwa choti kuwongolera kwa mahomoni kumapangitsanso kuti magazi azikhala nthawi zonse.
Ngati chakudyacho chili ndi, kuwonjezera pa chakudya cham'mimba, zinthu zopangira (fiber), mapuloteni ndi mafuta, ndiye kuti chimbudzi sichinachedwe, kuchuluka kwa insulin kudzasungidwa munthawi yochepa. Chifukwa chake, popanga mankhwala othandizira odwala matenda ashuga, ndikofunikira kuphatikiza michere yonse m'zakudya zanu.
Zochita za insulin zikukambidwa mu kanema munkhaniyi.
