Lactose, kapena shuga mkaka, ndi imodzi mwazofunikira kwambiri zotulutsa, popanda zomwe thupi la munthu silingathe kuchita.
Zotsatira za chinthuchi pakapangidwa malovu ndi chimbudzi zimalongosola zabwino zonse. Koma nthawi zina disaccharide imabweretsa zotsatira zovulaza kwa anthu omwe ali ndi lactose tsankho.
Kodi mapindu ndi zoopsa za chinthu ndi chiyani?
Zambiri Zokhudza Lactose
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ilipo m'chilengedwe, mwa iwo muli ma monosaccharides (amodzi: mwachitsanzo, fructose), oligosaccharides (zingapo) ndi polysaccharides (ambiri). Nawonso, mafuta ocigosaccharide amalembedwa monga di- (2), tri- (3) ndi tetrasaccharides (4).
Lactose ndi disaccharide, yomwe imadziwika kuti shuga ya mkaka. Mitundu yake yamakankhwala ili motere: C12H22O11. Ndilo latsalira la mamolekyulu a galactose ndi glucose.
Maumboni okhudzana kwambiri ndi lactose amachokera kwa wasayansi F. Bartoletti, yemwe mu 1619 anapeza chinthu chatsopano. Katunduyu adadziwika kuti ndi shuga mu 1780s chifukwa cha ntchito ya wasayansi K.V. Scheel.
Tiyenera kudziwa kuti pafupifupi 6% ya lactose imapezeka mkaka wa ng'ombe ndi 8% mkaka wa munthu. Disaccharide imapangidwanso ngati chopangidwa popanga tchizi. Pazinthu zachilengedwe, imayimiriridwa ndi gulu lactose monohydrate. Ndi ufa wopanda pake, wopanda pake komanso wopanda vuto. Imasungunuka kwambiri m'madzi ndipo sikugwirizana ndi mowa. Mukatentha, disaccharide imataya mamolekyulu amadzi, motero, imasandulika kukhala lactose.
Kamodzi m'thupi la munthu, shuga mkaka umagawika magawo awiri motsogozedwa ndi michere - glucose ndi galactose. Pakapita kanthawi, zinthuzi zimalowa m'magazi.
Akuluakulu ena amakumana ndi vuto chifukwa chosamwa bwino mkaka chifukwa cha kuchepa kapena kuperewera kwa lactase, enzyme yapadera yomwe imaphwanya lactose. Komanso, mwa ana izi sizachilendo. Malongosoledwe azinthu izi adayamba kale.
Amadziwika kuti ng'ombe zinali zoweta zaka 8,000 zokha zapitazo. Mpaka nthawi imeneyo, makanda okha ndi omwe ankadyetsedwa mkaka wamawere. Pazaka izi, thupi limapanga lactase yoyenera. Munthu akamakula, thupi lake limafunitsitsa. Koma zaka 8,000 zapitazo, zinthu zidasintha - wamkulu adayamba kudya mkaka, kotero thupi lidayenera kumanganso kuti lipange kachiwiri lactase.
Phindu la shuga la mkaka kwa thupi
Kufunika kwachilengedwe kwa shuga mkaka ndizambiri.
Ntchito yake ndikuwongolera kuphatikizika kwa malovu pamlomo wamkamwa ndikuwonjezera kuyamwa kwa mavitamini a gulu B, C ndi calcium. Kamodzi m'matumbo, lactose imachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa lactobacilli ndi bifidobacteria.
Mkaka ndi chidziwitso chodziwika bwino kwa aliyense yemwe ayenera kupezeka muzakudya za munthu aliyense. Lactose, yomwe ndi gawo lake, imagwira ntchito zofunikira mthupi la munthu:
- Gwero lamphamvu. Kamodzi m'thupi, imapukusidwa ndikuthanso mphamvu. Ndi lacactose yochepa, masitolo ogulitsa mapuloteni samadyedwa, koma amakhala nawo. Kuphatikiza apo, kudya pafupipafupi ma carbohydrate kumathandizira kuti maselo asungidwe a minyewa omwe amapezeka mumtundu wa minofu.
- Kulemera. Ngati kudya kwa kalori tsiku ndi tsiku kumapitilira kuchuluka kwa zopatsa mphamvu, ndiye kuti lactose imayikidwa ngati mafuta. Katunduyu akuyenera kukumbukiridwa chifukwa cha iwo omwe akufuna kuti akhale bwino, komanso omwe akufuna kuchepetsa thupi.
- Kuwongolera chimbudzi. Lactose itangokhala m'mimba yotsekemera, imaphulika kukhala monosaccharides. Thupi silikupanga mkaka wokwanira, munthu amakhala wopanda vuto pakudya mkaka.
Kupindulitsa kwa shuga mkaka sikokwanira. Izi zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri, lactose amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'makampani awa:
- chakudya chophika;
- chemistry yowunikira;
- kupanga chilengedwe chachilengedwe chopanda maselo ndi mabakiteriya;
Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati cholowa chamkaka waanthu popanga mkaka wa ana wakhanda.
Lactose tsankho: Zizindikiro ndi zomwe zimayambitsa
Lactose tsankho limamveka kutanthauza kulephera kwa thupi kugwetsa chinthu ichi. Dysbacteriosis imawonetsedwa ndi zizindikiro zosasangalatsa: kugona, kupweteka kwam'mimba, kugunda kwamiseru ndi m'mimba.
Potsimikizira kuti matenda a lactose amatsutsa, mkaka uyenera kusiyidwa. Komabe, kukana kwathunthu kumabweretsa zovuta zatsopano monga kuperewera kwa vitamini D ndi potaziyamu. Chifukwa lactose iyenera kudyedwa ndi zakudya zopatsa thanzi zingapo.
Kuperewera kwa lactose kumatha kuchitika pazifukwa zazikulu ziwiri, monga majini ndi matumbo (matenda a Crohn).
Sinthani pakati pakusalolerana ndi kuperewera kwa lactose. Kachiwiri, anthu alibe vuto la chimbudzi, atha kukhala ndi nkhawa pang'onopang'ono pamimba.
Chifukwa chodziwika bwino chopangitsa kuti pakhale tsankho la lactose ndikukula kwa munthu. Popita nthawi, thupi lake limasowa, motero amayamba kupanga enzyme yapadera.
Mitundu yosiyanasiyana imafunikira lactose mosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, chisonyezo chapamwamba kwambiri cha kusagwirizana ndi chinthucho chimawonedwa m'maiko aku Asia. 10% yokha mwa anthu omwe amadya mkaka, 90% yotsalayo sangathe kuyamwa lactose.
Ponena za anthu aku Europe, zinthu zimawonedwa chimodzimodzi. Ndi 5% yokha mwa akuluakulu omwe amavutika kutulutsa disaccharide.
Chifukwa chake, anthu amavulala ndikupindula ndi lactose, chifukwa zonse zimatengera ngati thupilo limalowa ndi thupi kapena ayi.
Kupanda kutero, ndikofunikira kusintha mkaka ndi zina zowonjezera kuti mulandire shuga ya mkaka wofunikira.
Kuzindikira kwa tsankho ndi chithandizo
Ngati munthu ali ndi vuto la kukomoka atamwa mkaka kapena kutumphuka, amayenera kuwunika ngati ali ndi vuto lactose.
Kuti izi zitheke, njira zodziwira matenda ena zikuchitika.
Matumbo amtundu wa biopsy. Ndi njira yolondola kwambiri yofufuzira. Chofunikira chake chimatenga gawo la mucosa la m'matumbo aang'ono. Nthawi zambiri, amakhala ndi enzyme yapadera - lactase. Ndi ntchito yochepetsedwa ya enzyme, kuzindikira koyenera kumapangidwa. Biopsy imagwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa opaleshoni yambiri, motero njira imeneyi sagwiritsidwa ntchito paubwana.
Kuyesa kwa hydrogen. Phunziro lodziwika kwambiri mwa ana. Choyamba, wodwalayo amapatsidwa lactose, kenako amachotsa mpweya mu kachipangizo kenakake kamene kamatsimikizira kuti hydrogen imayambira.
Kugwiritsa ntchito lactose molunjika. Njirayi singaganizidwe kuti ndi yophunzitsa. M'mawa pamimba yopanda kanthu, wodwalayo amatenga magazi. Pambuyo pake, amamwa lactose ndikupereka magazi kangapo mkati mwa mphindi 60. Kutengera ndi zotsatira zomwe zapezedwa, kupindika kwa lactose ndi glucose. Ngati kupindika kwa lactose kumakhala kocheperako kuposa kupindika kwa shuga, ndiye kuti titha kulankhula za tsankho la lactose.
Kusanthula ndowe. Chodziwika kwambiri, koma nthawi yomweyo cholakwika chodziwika bwino pakati pa ana. Amakhulupirira kuti muyezo wa mulingo wazakudya zam'madzi mu ndowe ziyenera kukhala ndi ziwonetsero izi: 1% (mpaka mwezi 1), 0.8% (miyezi 1-2), 0.6% (miyezi 2-4), 0,45% (Miyezi isanu ndi umodzi) ndi 0.25% (wamkulu kuposa miyezi 6). Ngati tsankho lactose limatsatiridwa ndi kapamba, steatorrhea kumachitika.
Cop program. Phunziroli limathandizira kuzindikira kuchuluka kwa mayendedwe a matumbo komanso kuchuluka kwa mafuta acids. Intolerance imatsimikiziridwa ndi acidity yowonjezereka komanso kuchepa kwa acid-base usawa kuyambira 5.5 mpaka 4.0.
Potsimikizira kuti ali ndi vutoli, wodwalayo amayenera kupatula zakudya zamkaka ku menyu. Chithandizo cha tsankho lactose chimaphatikizapo kumwa mapiritsi otsatirawa:
- Gastal;
- Imodium;
- Loperamide;
- Motilium;
- Dufalac;
- Tserukal.
Iliyonse ya ndalamazi imakhala ndi enzyme yapadera, lactase. Mtengo wa mankhwalawa umatha kusiyanasiyana. Kufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane za mankhwalawo kumawonetsedwa patsamba lolemba.
Kwa ana akhanda, Lactazabebi amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyimitsa. Zotsatira za mankhwalawa zimafanana ndi insulin mu matenda ashuga kapena Mezim mwa odwala omwe ali ndi chifuwa chachikulu. Kuunika kwa amayi ambiri kumawonetsa kugwira ntchito ndi chitetezo cha mankhwalawa.
Zambiri pa lactose zimaperekedwa mu kanema munkhaniyi.
