Pafupifupi njira zonse mu thupi la munthu zimayendetsedwa ndi ma biology omwe amagwira ntchito, omwe amapangidwa nthawi zonse. Izi zimaphatikizapo mahomoni, ma enzyme, mavitamini, ndi zina zambiri. Ma mahormoni ndi zinthu zogwiritsa ntchito kwachilengedwe zomwe zingapangitse, mu milingo yaying'ono, kukhudza kagayidwe kake ndi ntchito zofunika. Zimapangidwa ndi gland ya endocrine. Glucagon ndi insulin ndi mahomoni apancreatic omwe amatenga gawo la metabolism ndipo amatsutsana wina ndi mnzake (ndiye kuti, ndi zinthu zomwe zimakhala ndi zotsutsana).
Zambiri paz kapangidwe ka kapamba
Zikondwererozi zimakhala ndi magawo awiri osiyanasiyana;
- exocrine (yomwe imakhala pafupifupi 98% ya kuchuluka kwa chiwalocho, imayendetsa chimbudzi, ma enzymes a kapamba amapangidwa pano);
- endocrine (yomwe imakhala makamaka mchira wa gland, mahomoni amapangidwa pano omwe amakhudza chakudya ndi lipid metabolism, chimbudzi, ndi zina).
Zilumba za pancreatic zimapezekanso molondola m'chigawo chonse cha endocrine (chimatchedwanso kuti zislets za Langerhans). Ndi mwa iwo momwe ma cell omwe amatulutsa mahomoni osiyanasiyana amakhala ndi thupi. Maselo awa ali amitundu ingapo:
- maselo a alpha (glucagon amapangidwa mwa iwo);
- maselo a beta (kupanga insulin);
- maselo a delta (kupanga somatostatin);
- Maselo a PP (pancreatic polypeptide amapangidwa pano);
- maselo a epsilon ("mahomoni a njala" ghrelin amapangidwa pano).
Kodi insulin imapangidwa bwanji ndipo ntchito zake ndi chiyani?
Insulin imapangidwa m'maselo a beta a kapamba, koma choyambirira chake, proinsulin, chimapangidwa pamenepo. Nokha, pawiri ili silimachita mbali yapadera, koma mothandizidwa ndi ma enzymes amasintha kukhala mahomoni. Insulin yopanga imapangidwira kumbuyo ndi maselo a beta ndikutulutsidwa m'magazi nthawi imeneyo ikafunika.
Pulogalamu yochepa ya proinsulin (osapitirira 5%) imazungulira nthawi zonse m'magazi a anthu, gawo latsalira latsika limagwera pa insulin
Ma cell a beta a pancreatic amatha kugawanitsa ndikusintha, koma izi zimachitika mthupi laling'ono. Njira imeneyi ikasokonekera ndipo zinthu zogwira ntchitozi zikafa, munthu amayamba kudwala matenda ashuga amtundu woyamba. Ndi matenda amtundu 2, insulin imatha kupangika mokwanira, koma chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa kagayidwe kazakudya, minyewa singayankhe mokwanira, ndipo chiwonjezere cha mahomoni ichi chimafunikira kuti magazi abwinidwe. Poterepa, amalankhula za kupanga kwa insulin kukana.
Ntchito za Insulin:
Gulu la gulu la insulin- amachepetsa shuga;
- imayendetsa njira yogawa minofu ya adipose, chifukwa chake, ndi shuga munthu amayamba kulemera kwambiri msanga;
- imapangitsa mapangidwe a glycogen ndi mafuta osakwaniritsidwa a chiwindi;
- amalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni mu minofu minofu ndikuletsa kupangika kwa matupi ochulukirapo a ketone;
- amalimbikitsa mapangidwe a glycogen mu minofu chifukwa cha mayamwidwe amino acid.
Insulin sikuti imangoyendetsa glucose, imathandizira kugwira ntchito kwa chiwindi ndi minofu. Popanda mahomoni awa, thupi la munthu silingakhalepo, chifukwa chake, ndi mtundu 1 wa shuga, insulin imabayidwa. Homoni uyu akalowa kuchokera kunja, thupi limayamba kuphwanya glucose mothandizidwa ndi chiwindi ndi minofu minofu, yomwe pang'onopang'ono imayambitsa kutsika kwa shuga m'magazi. Ndikofunikira kuti mupeze kuchuluka kwa mankhwalawa ndikuwonjezera ndi chakudya chomwe chatengedwa kuti jakisoni asayambitse hypoglycemia.
Ntchito za Glucagon
Mthupi la munthu, glycogen polysaccharide imapangidwa kuchokera kutsalira la glucose. Ndi mtundu wa depo yama carbohydrate ndipo umasungidwa m'chiwindi chachikulu. Gawo la glycogen limapezeka m'matumbo, koma pamenepo silimadzisonkhanitsa, ndipo limagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi yomweyo popanga mphamvu zakomweko. Mlingo wocheperako wa chakudya ichi ukhoza kukhala impso ndi ubongo.
Glucagon imachita mosemphana ndi insulin - imapangitsa thupi kugulitsa masitolo a glycogen mwa kupanga glucose kuchokera pamenepo. Chifukwa chake, pankhaniyi, shuga wamagazi amakwera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti insulini ipangidwe. Kuwerengera kwa mahomoni awa kumatchedwa index ya insulin-glucagon (imasinthika pakukumba).
Kwa moyo wabwinobwino, munthu amafunika kukhala ndi mahomoni ena popanda vuto lililonse.
Glucagon imagwiranso ntchito zotere:
- amachepetsa cholesterol yamagazi;
- kubwezeretsa maselo a chiwindi;
- kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa calcium mkati mwa maselo amisempha yosiyanasiyana ya thupi;
- kumawonjezera magazi mu impso;
- mosazindikira zimawonetsa magwiridwe antchito a mtima ndi mitsempha ya magazi;
- imathandizira kuchotsedwa kwa mchere wa sodium m'thupi ndipo imasunga mchere wamadzi ambiri.
Glucagon imakhudzidwa ndi kusintha kwamankhwala amitundu mitundu pakusintha kwa amino acid kukhala glucose. Imathandizira njirayi, ngakhale iyoyomweyo siyiphatikizidwe pamakina awa, ndiye kuti imagwira ntchito ngati chothandizira. Ngati glucagon wambiri amapangika m'thupi kwa nthawi yayitali, amakhulupirira kuti izi zimatha kudzetsa matenda oopsa - khansa ya kapamba. Mwamwayi, kudwala kumeneku ndikosowa kwambiri, chifukwa chake chake sichikudziwika mpaka pano.
Ngakhale insulin ndi glucagon zimatsutsana, Kuchita bwino kwa thupi sikungatheke popanda zinthu ziwirizi. Amalumikizana, ndipo ntchito zawo zimawongoleredwanso ndi mahomoni ena. Zaumoyo komanso thanzi la munthu zimadalira momwe machitidwe a endocrine amayendera.
