Njira zonse mthupi la munthu zimayendetsedwa ndi ma enzymes ena ndi mahomoni. Amapangidwa ndi tiziwalo timene timatulutsa mkati komanso kunja. Chachikulu kwambiri mwa izi ndi kapamba. Ichi ndi chiwalo chachiwiri chachikulu kwambiri pamimba pambuyo pa chiwindi. Gland iyi ili ndi mawonekedwe ovuta ndipo imagwira ntchito zofunika kwambiri. Ndizomwe zimapereka njira yachilengedwe yogaya, komanso kuyamwa kwa shuga, kupewa kuchulukana kwa magazi ake. Chifukwa chake, zilizonse zamtundu wake zimaphwanya kwambiri ntchito yofunikira yonse.
Makhalidwe wamba
M'mbuyomu, kapamba ankangomuwona ngati minofu. Munali m'zaka za zana la 19 zokha pomwe anapezeka kuti akupanga chinsinsi chake, chomwe chimayang'anira chimbudzi. Kafukufuku yemwe wasayansi N. Pavlov adavumbula ndi zofunikira zofunika zomwe kapamba amapanga mthupi la munthu.
Mu Latin, lungu limatchedwa kapamba. Chifukwa chake, matenda ake akuluakulu ndi kapamba. Ndizofala kwambiri, chifukwa kugwira kwina kwa kapamba kumalumikizana ndi ziwalo zina zonse zam'mimba. Kupatula apo, amalumikizana ndi ambiri aiwo.
Gland wamkaka amatchedwa, ngakhale munthu atakhala wowongoka, amapezeka kumbuyo kwa m'mimba. Ichi ndi chiwalo chachikulu kwambiri - kukula kwa kapamba nthawi zambiri amayambira masentimita 16 mpaka 22. Ali ndi mawonekedwe apamwamba, osongoka. Kutalika kwake sikupitilira 7 cm, ndipo kulemera kwake ndi 70-80 g. Kupanga kwa kapamba kumachitika kale miyezi itatu ya chitukuko cha fetal, ndipo pofika nthawi ya kubadwa kwa mwana kukula kwake ndi 5-6 mm. Pofika zaka khumi, amachulukitsa ndi katatu.
Malo
Ndi anthu ochepa omwe amadziwa momwe kapamba amawonekera, ambiri sadziwa komwe ali. Chiwalo ichi ndichotetezedwa kwambiri kuposa zina zonse zam'mimba, chifukwa chimakhala chakuya. Kutsogolo kwake, kumakutidwa ndi m'mimba, pakati pawo pamakhala mafuta - omentum. Mutu wa gland ndi, titero kunena kwake, wokutidwa mu duodenum, ndipo kumbuyo kwake, msana ndi minofu ya msana imateteza.
Zikondwererozi zimapezeka mozungulira, zimadumphira malo onse oyandikira. Gawo lake lalikulu kwambiri - mutu - uli pamlingo wa 1 ndi 2 wa lumbar vertebrae kumanzere. Kuchuluka kwa kapamba kumakhala pakati pakati pa navel ndi gawo lamunsi la sternum. Ndipo mchira wake umafika kumanzere kwa hypochondrium.
Zikondwererozo zimakhala kumbuyo kwa m'mimba
Zikondazo zimayanjana kwambiri ndi ziwalo zambiri komanso zombo zazikulu. Kuphatikiza pamimba, imalumikizana mwachindunji ndi duodenum, komanso ndi bile ducts. Mbali inayo, imagwira impso yakumanzere ndi adrenal gland, ndikutha kwake - ndulu. Mitsempha ya aorta, ya impso ndi ya vena cava yotsika mtengo imayandikira mbali yakumbuyo kumbuyo, ndi chotupa chachikulu cha mesenteric kutsogolo. Zimakhudzanso ndi plexus yayikulu ya mitsempha.
Kumanga
Mphamvu ya kapamba wamunthu ndizovuta kwambiri. Kuphatikiza poti minofu yake imapangidwa ndi mitundu ingapo ya maselo ndipo imayimira mawonekedwe okhala ndi matumba ambiri, imakhala ndi magawo atatu. Palibe malire omveka pakati pawo, koma munthu wathanzi labwino amatha kuwona kuti gland ili ndi mawonekedwe a comma, omwe ali kumtunda kumtunda kwa m'mimba. Ili ndi mutu - iyi ndi gawo lake lalikulupo, makulidwe ake omwe nthawi zina amafika 7-8 cm, a thupi ndi mchira.
Mutu wa gland uli mphete ya duodenum, kumanja kwa midline yam'mimba. Ili pafupi ndi chiwindi ndi chikhodzodzo. Gawo lake lalitali kwambiri limapanga chinthu chokhala ngati mbeza. Ndipo mukapita ku thupi, mitundu yopapatiza, yomwe imatchedwa khosi. Kapangidwe ka thupi la gland ndimapamwamba, ali ndi mawonekedwe. Ili ndiye gawo lake lotalikirapo. Thupi limakhala loonda, losapitirira 5 cm. Ndipo mchira wa kapamba ndi wowonda ngakhale pang'ono, wopindika pang'ono, ndipo ali ndi mawonekedwe a chulu. Ili kumanzere, ndipo imawongoleredwa pang'ono m'mwamba. Mchirawo umafika mpaka kum'mphepete mwa koloni.
Misonkhano ikuluikulu, kapamba amawagawa m'magawo atatu: mutu, thupi ndi mchira
Kuphatikiza apo, kapangidwe kake kapamba kumadziwika ndi kukhalapo kwa mitundu iwiri ya minofu. Awa ndi maselo wamba komanso stroma, ndiye kuti, minofu yolumikizana. Mmenemo mumapezeka mitsempha ya magazi ndi zitseko zake. Ndipo ma cell omwe amapanga nawonso ndi osiyana, pali mitundu iwiri ya izo. Aliyense wa iwo amachita ntchito zake.
Maselo a Endocrine amachita ntchito ya intrasecretory. Amapanga mahomoni, ndipo amawataya mwachindunji m'magazi kudzera m'mitsempha yapafupi. Maselo otere amapezeka m'magulu osiyana, omwe amatchedwa islets of Langerhans. Amakhala kwambiri mchira wa kapamba. Zilumba za Langerhans zili ndi mitundu inayi ya maselo yomwe imatulutsa mahomoni ena. Awa ndi ma cell a beta, alpha, delta ndi PP.
Maselo otsala - ma cell a pancreatic - amapanga minofu yayikulu ya England. Amapanga michere yokumba, ndiye kuti, amagwira ntchito ya exocrine kapena exocrine. Pali maselo ambiri otchedwa cell. Amaphatikizidwa kukhala lobules, iliyonse yomwe imakhala ndi duct yayo. Ndipo kenako amaphatikizidwa kukhala amodzi.
Pancreas imakhala ndi ma network ambiri amitsempha yamagazi. Kuphatikiza apo, imakhala ndi chiwerengero chachikulu cha mathero a mitsempha. Izi zimathandizira kuyang'anira ntchito yake, ndikuwonetsetsa kupanga kwachilendo kwa michere ndi mahomoni. Koma makamaka chifukwa cha izi, matenda amtundu uliwonse amtunduwu amatsogolera ku kuwoneka kupweteka kwambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri amafalikira kwa ziwalo zina.
Zikumba
Udindo waukulu wa kapamba mu thupi la munthu ndikuwonetsetsa kuti chimbudzi chayamba. Uku ndiye ntchito yake yachinyengo. Madzi a pancreatic opangidwa mkati mwa gland amalowa m'matumbo am'mimba kudzera mu duct system. Amachoka kuzinthu zazing'ono zonse zomwe zimapanga department iliyonse ya zofunikira.
Chophimba chachikulu cha kapamba, wolumikizana ndi duct ya bile, imalowa mu duodenum
Ma dancts onse a pancreatic amaphatikizidwa kukhala amodzi wamba, otchedwa Wirsung duct. Makulidwe ake kuyambira 2 mpaka 4 mm, amachoka pamchira kupita kumutu wa kutulutsa pafupifupi pakati, pang'onopang'ono kukulira. Pamalo am'mutu, nthawi zambiri amalumikizana ndi bile duct. Onsewo amatuluka mu duodenum kudzera papilla wamkulu. Ndimeyi imatsekedwa ndi sphincter ya Oddi, yomwe imalepheretsa zomwe zili m'matumbo kuti zisabwerere m'mbuyo.
Physiology ya kapamba imakhala ndi kupsinjika kwakukulu mu mawonekedwe ake wamba. Chifukwa chake, bile samalowa mkatimo, chifukwa kupanikizika mu ducts ya bile kumakhala kotsika. Ma pathologies ena okha omwe amatha kutsogolera kulowa kwa bile mu kapamba. Uku ndikuphwanya ntchito zake pamene chinsinsi cha pancreatic madzi, kuphipha kwa sphincter ya Oddi, kapena kutsekeka kwa mzere ndi ndulu, kuchichepetsedwa. Chifukwa cha izi, osati kukokomeza kwa madzi a pancreatic mu gland kumachitika, komanso bile limaponyedwamo.
Kuphatikiza koteroko kwa kapamba ndi ndulu kumakhalanso chifukwa chomwe, mwa kutukusira kwa kutulutsa kwa gland, jaundice wamkulu amawonedwa. Kupatula apo, gawo la duct la bile limadutsa thupi lake ndipo limatha kupanikizika chifukwa cha edema. Zimatithandizanso kufalitsa matenda kuchokera ku chiwalo chimodzi kupita kwina.
Nthawi zina, chifukwa cha kubala kwachitukuko komwe kumachitika pena pake, m'modzi mwa ma ducts samalumikizana ndi wamba ndikulowera popanda dodenum pamwamba pamutu pa pancreatic. Kukhalapo kwa duct yowonjezerapo, yomwe imatchedwa Santorius, imawonedwa mwa 30% ya anthu, izi sizoyambitsa matenda. Ngakhale pakutseka duct wamkulu, sangathe kupirira kutulutsa kwa pancreatic madzi, chifukwa chake, ndizopanda ntchito.
Ntchito
Zikondamoyo ndimtundu wa secretion wosakanikirana. Kupatula apo, imakhala ndi maselo osiyanasiyana, mtundu uliwonse womwe umatulutsa ma mahomoni ena kapena ma enzyme. Ndi msuzi wa pancreatic wotulutsidwa ndimatumbo omwe amathandizira kugaya bwino chakudya. Ndipo timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi tambiri, timene timayambitsa matenda a shuga.
Chifukwa chake, kapamba amachita ntchito zingapo:
- amatenga nawo mbali pang'onopang'ono njira;
- amatulutsa michere yayikulu ya kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni, mafuta ndi chakudya;
- amatulutsa insulin ndi glucagon kuti azitha kuyendetsa shuga.
Kuti zonyansa zigwire bwino ntchito zake, kuphatikiza pazinthu zambiri ndikofunikira. Thanzi lake limatengera magwiridwe antchito a chiwindi, chikhodzodzo, duodenum, kufalitsa magazi moyenera komanso kufalitsa kwa kukhudzidwa kwa mitsempha. Zonsezi zimakhudza ntchito zake, kuchuluka ndi kapangidwe kake. Kukula kwabwinobwino kwa kapamba mwa munthu wathanzi sikuyenera kupitirira masentimita 23. Ndipo kuchuluka kwake kumatha kuwonetsa matenda aliwonse.
Zikondwererozi zimagwira ntchito zofunika kwambiri mgaya.
Ntchito yogaya
Zikondazo zimatulutsa madzi a pancreatic, omwe amakhala ndi ma enzymes ofunikira pakuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni, mafuta ndi chakudya kuchokera ku chakudya. Pazonse, pafupifupi 600 ml ya madzi amapangidwa patsiku, nthawi zina kuchuluka kwake kumatha kuchuluka mpaka 2000 ml. Ndipo mtundu ndi kuchuluka kwa ma enzymes zimatengera mawonekedwe a thanzi la anthu. Kupatula apo, kapamba amatha kusintha ndikulimbikitsa kupanga kwa ma enzymes omwe amafunikira pakadali pano.
Kupanga madzi a pancreatic kumayamba chakudya chikalowa m'mimba. Ngakhale nthawi zambiri njirayi imayamba kale pakuwona chakudya kapena kuchokera pakumwa fungo lake. Nthawi yomweyo, chizindikiro chimadza kudzera mu ulusi wamanjenje kupita ku ma cell a gland, amayamba kupanga zinthu zina.
Ma Enzoni omwe kapamba amatulutsa amapangidwa osagwira ntchito, chifukwa amakhala olimba kwambiri ndipo amatha kugaya timinyewa ta minyewa tokha. Amathandizidwa pokhapokha atalowa mu duodenum. Pali enzyme enterokinase. Imayendetsa mwachangu trypsin, yomwe imayambitsa ma enzyme ena onse. Ngati, pansi pa ma pathologies ena, enterokinase ilowa mu kapamba, ma enzymes onse amayamba kugwira ntchito ndipo minofu yake imayamba kugonjetsedwa. Pali kutupa, ndiye necrosis ndikuwonongeka kwathunthu kwa chiwalo.
Ma enzymes opangidwa ndi gland iyi amawononga mapuloteni, mafuta ndi chakudya.
Tizilombo timeneti timatulutsa michere yambiri. Ena mwa iwo amatha kuthana ndi mapuloteni, ma amino acid, ma nucleotide, ena amathandizira kugaya mafuta komanso kuthira kwa chakudya:
- Mitsempha - ribonuclease ndi deoxyribonuc tafadhali kuphwanya DNA ndi RNA ya nyama yakunja yomwe imalowa m'mimba.
- Mapuloteni amakhudzidwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni. Pali mitundu yambiri ya ma enzyme awa: trypsin ndi chymotrypsin zimaphwanya mapuloteni amenewa omwe adapangidwira kale m'mimba, carboxypeptidase imaphwanya ma amino acid, ndipo elastase ndi collagenase imaphwanya mapuloteni a minofu yolumikizika komanso fiber.
- Ma enivolous omwe amawononga mafuta ndizofunikira kwambiri. Uku ndi lipase, yomwe kuwonjezera apo imakhudzidwa ndikupanga mavitamini osungunuka a mafuta, ndi phospholipase, imathandizira kuyamwa kwa phospholipids.
Ma enzyme ambiri omwe amabisidwa ndi kapamba kuti agwetse chakudya. Amylase amathandizira kuyamwa kwa glucose, kuphwanya zovuta zam'mimba, ndi lactase, sucrose ndi maltase secrete glucose pazomwe zimagwirizana.
Maselo apadera omwe amapezeka kuzilumba za Langerhans amapanga insulin ndi glucagon.
Ntchito ya mahormoni
Anthu ochepa amaganiza kuti kapamba ndi chiyani. Nthawi zambiri amaphunzira za izi pomwe mtundu wina wa matenda amawonekera. Ndipo chodziwika kwambiri mwa izi ndi matenda ashuga. Matendawa amayambitsidwa ndi matenda obowoleza a shuga. Njirayi imaperekedwa ndi insulin, timadzi tomwe timapangidwa ndi kapamba palokha. Ngati kapangidwe kake kasokonekera, kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumawonjezeka.
Maselo ena a kapamba omwe amapezeka kuzilumba za Langerhans amatulutsa mahomoni kuti athandizire kuyamwa kwa michere, komanso kusintha momwe kagayidwe kazinthu zimayambira.
- Insulin imalimbikitsa kutembenuka kwa glucose kukhala glycogen. Izi zimatha kudzikundikira minofu yamatumbo ndi chiwindi, ndikusunthika ndikofunikira.
- Glucagon imasiyananso ndi izi: imaphwanya glycogen ndikusintha kukhala glucose.
- Somatostatin ndiyofunikira kuti atchotsere kuchuluka kwama mahomoni ena ndi ma enzyme ena.
- Pancreatic polypeptide imathandizira kupanga madzi am'mimba.
Munthu aliyense ayenera kumvetsetsa zomwe ntchito kapamba amachita. Amatenga nawo mbali kagayidwe kachakudya, amasunga shuga wambiri, amapereka chimbudzi. Kuphwanya kosiyanasiyana kwa ntchito yake kumakhudza thanzi lonse komanso kumachepetsa moyo wamunthu.