Mutha kuphunzira za kuyambika kwa matenda a shuga kapena kuunika momwe mankhwalawo amathandizira pokhapokha ngati pali chizindikiro kapena kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Chizindikiro chimodzi chodalirika ndi glycated hemoglobin. Zizindikiro za matenda ashuga nthawi zambiri zimadziwika pofika msinkhu wa 13 mmol / L. Awa ndiwokwera bwino kwambiri, atawoneka ndikukula kwamavuto.
Mwazi wamagazi ndiwosintha, wosintha nthawi zambiri, kusanthula kumafuna kukonzekera koyambirira komanso mkhalidwe wabwinobwino wodwala. Chifukwa chake, tanthauzo la glycated hemoglobin (GH) limawerengedwa kuti ndi "chida chodziwitsa" za matenda a shuga. Magazi owunikira akhoza kuperekedwa panthawi yabwino, popanda kukonzekera kwambiri, mndandanda wazotsutsa umakhala wocheperako kuposa shuga. Mothandizidwa ndi kafukufuku pa GG, matenda omwe amayamba chifukwa cha matenda osokoneza bongo amatha kudziwikanso: kusala kwamphamvu kwa glycemia kapena kulolera kwa glucose.
Momwe hemoglobin imapangidwira
Hemoglobin ili ndi maselo ofiira a m'magazi, maselo ofiira a m'magazi, ndi mapuloteni ofunikira kwambiri. Udindo wake waukulu ndikuyenda ndi okosijeni kudzera m'matumbo, kuchokera m'mapapu mpaka m'matumbo, komwe sikokwanira. Monga mapuloteni ena onse, hemoglobin imatha kuthana ndi monosaccharides - glycate. Mawu akuti "glycation" adavomerezedwa kuti agwiritse ntchito posachedwa, hemoglobin isanatchulidwe kuti glycosylated. Pakadali pano, matanthauzidwe onsewa amatha kupezeka.
Chinsinsi cha glycation ndikupanga mgwirizano wamphamvu pakati pa mamolekyulu a glucose ndi hemoglobin. Zomwe zimachitika zimachitika ndi mapuloteni omwe amayesedwa, pomwe kutumphuka kwa golide kumapangika pamwamba pa pie. Kuthamanga kwa zimachitika zimatengera kutentha ndi kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Kuchuluka kwake, gawo lalikulu la hemoglobin limadulidwa.
Matenda a shuga ndi kupsinjika kudzakhala chinthu chakale
- Matenda a shuga -95%
- Kuthetsa kwa mitsempha thrombosis - 70%
- Kuthetsa kwa kugunda kwamtima kwamphamvu -90%
- Kuthana ndi kuthamanga kwa magazi - 92%
- Kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu masana, kukonza kugona usiku -97%
Mwa achikulire athanzi, mawonekedwe a hemoglobin ali pafupi: osachepera 97% ali mu mawonekedwe A. Itha kuyerekezedwa m'magulu atatu: a, b ndi c. HbA1a ndi HbA1b ndizosowa kwambiri, gawo lawo limakhala lochepera 1%. HbA1c imapezeka nthawi zambiri. Mukamakamba za kutsimikiza kwa zasayansi ya kuchuluka kwa hemoglobin ya glycated, nthawi zambiri amatanthauza mawonekedwe a A1c.
Ngati glucose wamagazi sapitilira 6 mmol / l, mulingo wa hemoglobin uyu mwa amuna, akazi ndi ana pakatha chaka adzakhala pafupifupi 6%. Shuga amene amakhala wamphamvu komanso nthawi zambiri amatuluka, ndipo ndikakhala kuti kuchuluka kwake kumakhala m'magazi, zotsatira zake zimakhala zambiri.
Kuwunikira kwa GH
GH ilipo m'magazi a nyama yamtundu uliwonse, kuphatikizapo anthu. Cholinga chachikulu cha mawonekedwe ake ndi glucose, omwe amapangidwa kuchokera ku chakudya chamagulu kuchokera ku chakudya. Mkulu wa glucose mwa anthu omwe ali ndi metabolism yokhazikika amakhala wokhazikika komanso wotsika, mafuta onse amapakidwa nthawi ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazofunikira za thupi. Mu shuga mellitus, gawo kapena glucose onse amasiya kulowa mu minofu, kotero mulingo wake umakwera kwambiri. Ndi matenda amtundu 1, wodwalayo amalowetsa insulin m'maselo kuti azichita glucose, wofanana ndi wopangidwa ndi kapamba wathanzi. Ndi matenda amtundu wa 2, kuperekera kwa glucose kumisempha kumalimbikitsidwa ndi mankhwala apadera. Ngati ndi chithandizo chotere ndikotheka kukhalabe ndi shuga pafupi ndi momwe zimakhalira, shuga imawerengedwa.
Kuti muwone kulumpha kwa shuga mu shuga, ziyenera kuyezedwa maola awiri aliwonse. Kusanthula kwa hemoglobin ya glycated kumakupatsani mwayi woweruza bwino magazi. Kupereka magazi amodzi ndikokwanira kudziwa ngati shuga idalipiridwa m'miyezi itatu isanachitike mayeso.
Hemoglobin, kuphatikizapo glycated, amakhala masiku 60-120. Zotsatira zake, kuyezetsa magazi kwa GG kamodzi kotala kudzakhudza kuwonjezeka konse kwa shuga pachaka.
Dongosolo la zoperekera
Chifukwa cha kusinthasintha kwake komanso kulondola kwambiri, kuwunikira uku kumagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri podziwitsa anthu za matenda ashuga. Imavumbulutsanso kuwuka kwobisika mu shuga (mwachitsanzo, usiku kapena mukangodya), komwe sikungoyesedwa koyeserera kwa glucose kapena kuyesa kwa glucose.
Zotsatira zake sizikhudzidwa ndi matenda opatsirana, zochitika zodetsa nkhawa, zolimbitsa thupi, mowa ndi fodya, mankhwala osokoneza bongo, kuphatikizapo mahomoni.
Momwe mungasinthire:
- Pezani zofunika kuti mumvetsetse za glycosylated hemoglobin kuchokera kwa dokotala kapena endocrinologist. Izi ndizotheka ngati muli ndi zizindikiro zokhudzana ndi matenda a shuga kapena kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, ngakhale amodzi.
- Lumikizanani ndi labotale yapafupi panu ndikuyesani kuti mupeze mayeso a GH. Malangizo a dokotala safunika, chifukwa phunziroli silipangitsa kuti munthu akhale ndi moyo wathanzi.
- Opanga mankhwala pakuwerengera glycated hemoglobin alibe zofunika zapadera za shuga wamagazi panthawi yoperekera, ndiye kuti, kukonzekera koyambirira sikofunikira. Komabe, ma laboratori ena amakonda kutenga magazi pamimba yopanda kanthu. Chifukwa chake, amafunafuna kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa cholakwika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa lipids muzinthu zoyesedwa. Kuti kusanthula kukhale kotsimikizika, ndikokwanira patsiku loperekera osamadya zakudya zamafuta.
- Pambuyo masiku atatu, zotsatira za kuyesedwa kwa magazi zidzakhala zokonzeka ndikupereka kwa adokotala. M'mabotolo olipira, zambiri zokhudzana ndi thanzi lanu zitha kupezeka tsiku lotsatira.
Zotsatira zake zingakhale zosadalirika
Zotsatira za kusanthula kwanu sizingafanane ndi shuga weniweni pazinthu zotsatirazi:
- Kutumiza kwa magazi omwe waperekedwa kapena ziwiya zake m'miyezi itatu yapitayi kumapereka zotsatira zosasangalatsa.
- Ndi anemia, glycated hemoglobin imatuluka. Ngati mukukayikira kusowa kwachitsulo, muyenera kudutsa KLA nthawi yomweyo ndikuwunikira kwa GG.
- Poizoni, matenda amitsempha, ngati adayambitsa hemolysis - kufa kwa maselo ofiira am'magazi, kumabweretsa kutsimikizika kwa GH.
- Kuchotsa ndulu ndi khansa ya magazi kumakulitsa kuchuluka kwa hemoglobin ya glycosylated.
- Kuwunikako kudzakhala kocheperako mwa azimayi omwe amataya magazi nthawi yayitali.
- Kuwonjezeka kwa gawo la fetal hemoglobin (HbF) kumawonjezera GH ngati ion kusinthana ndi chromatography kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza, ndikuchepa ngati njira ya immunochemical imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Akuluakulu, mawonekedwe F ayenera kukhala osakwana 1% ya kuchuluka konse, momwe fetal hemoglobin mwa ana mpaka miyezi isanu ndi umodzi imapumira. Chizindikiro ichi chimatha kukula pakati pa matenda apakati, matenda am'mapapo, khansa. Hemoglobin yomwe imapangidwa nthawi zonse imakwezedwa mu thalassemia, matenda obadwa nawo.
Kulondola kwa owerengeka ophatikizika kuti agwiritse ntchito kunyumba, omwe kuwonjezera pa shuga amatha kudziwa hemoglobin wa glycated, ndizochepa kwambiri, wopanga amalola kupatuka mpaka 20%. Sizingatheke kudziwa matenda a shuga omwe amachokera mu data yotere.
Njira ina yosanthula
Ngati matenda omwe alipo angayambitse kuyesedwa kolakwika kwa GH, kuyesa kwa fructosamine kungagwiritsidwe ntchito kuwongolera matenda a shuga. Ndi protein ya glycated Whey, yopanga glucose wokhala ndi albumin. Sichokhudzana ndi maselo ofiira am'magazi, chifukwa chake kulondola kwake sikumakhudzidwa ndi matenda a kuchepa kwa magazi komanso matenda amitsempha - zifukwa zofala kwambiri zazotsatira zabodza za hemoglobin ya glycated.
Kuyesedwa kwa magazi kwa fructosamine kumakhala otsika mtengo kwambiri, koma kuwunikira kosalekeza, kuyenera kubwerezedwanso pafupipafupi, popeza nthawi ya moyo wa glycated albumin ili pafupifupi milungu iwiri. Koma ndikwabwino kuwunika momwe chithandizo chatsopano chikusankhira zakudya kapena mlingo wa mankhwala.
Milingo yachilendo ya fructosamine imachokera ku 205 mpaka 285 µmol / L.
Kuyendera pafupipafupi
Nthawi zambiri amalimbikitsidwa kupereka magazi a glycated hemoglobin:
- Anthu athanzi pambuyo pa zaka 40 - kamodzi pa zaka zitatu.
- Anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a prediabetes - kotala lililonse nthawi yamankhwala, ndiye pachaka.
- Ndi kuwonongeka kwa matenda ashuga - kotala kamodzi.
- Ngati chiphuphu cha shuga cha nthawi yayitali chimatheka, kamodzi miyezi isanu ndi umodzi.
- M'mimba, kupitiliza kusanthula ndikosatheka chifukwa kuchuluka kwa hemoglobin ya glycosylated sikuyenda mthupi ndi kusintha kwa thupi. Matenda a shuga a Gestational nthawi zambiri amayambira miyezi 4-7, kotero kuchuluka kwa GH kumaonekera kwambiri pakubala, pamene chithandizo chachedwa kwambiri kuyamba.
Nthawi zonse kwa odwala athanzi komanso odwala matenda ashuga
Mlingo wa hemoglobin wodziwikiridwa ndi shuga ndiwofanana kwa amuna ndi akazi onse. Kuchuluka kwa shuga kumawonjezeka pang'ono ndi zaka: malire apamwamba amawonjezeka ndi ukalamba kuyambira 5.9 mpaka 6.7 mmol / l. Ndikukhala ndi mtengo woyamba, GG ikhale pafupifupi 5.2%. Ngati shuga ndi 6.7, hemoglobin yamagazi imakhala yocheperapo kuposa 6. Mulimonsemo, munthu wathanzi sayenera kukhala ndi zotsatira zopitilira 6%.
Kuti mumvetsetse za kusanthula, ntchito njira zotsatirazi:
Mlingo wa GG | Kutanthauzira kwa zotsatira | Kufotokozera Mwachidule |
4 <Hb <5.9 | chizolowezi | Thupi limamwa shuga bwino, ndikuchotsa magaziwo pakapita nthawi, matenda ashuga sawopseza posachedwa. |
6 <Hb <6.4 | prediabetes | Zosokoneza zoyambirira za metabolic, kufunsa kwa endocrinologist kumafunika. Popanda chithandizo, 50% ya anthu omwe ali ndi mayeserowa amakhala ndi matenda ashuga muzaka zikubwerazi. |
Hb ≥ 6.5 | matenda ashuga | Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti mupereke shuga yanu pamimba yopanda matenda kuti mumupezenso. Kafukufuku wowonjezera safunikira pakuwonjezera kwakukulu kwa 6.5% ndi kupezeka kwa zizindikiro za matenda ashuga. |
Chikhalidwe cha matenda ashuga ndichokwera pang'ono kuposa cha anthu athanzi. Izi zimachitika chifukwa cha chiwopsezo cha hypoglycemia, chomwe chimawonjezeka ndi kuchepa kwa gawo la GH. Ndizowopsa ku ubongo ndipo zimatha kudzetsa matenda a hypoglycemic coma. Kwa anthu omwe ali ndi matenda a shuga omwe amakhala ndi hypoglycemia pafupipafupi kapena amakonda kutsika msanga, kuchuluka kwa hemoglobin ya glycosylated kumakulirakulira kwambiri.
Palibe zofunika kwambiri kwa odwala matenda ashuga okalamba. Matenda ashuga osachiritsika amapezeka pakapita zaka zambiri. Nthawi yakupezeka kwamavuto ikachuluka kuposa momwe munthu amayembekezerera (pafupifupi moyo), matenda ashuga amatha kuwongoleredwa mosamalitsa kuposa paubwana.
Kwa achinyamata, gawo lomwe GG ikutsata ndiyotsika kwambiri, ayenera kukhala ndi moyo wautali ndikukhalabe achangu ndikugwira ntchito nthawi yonse. Shuga mu gulu ili la anthu ayenera kukhala oyandikana kwambiri ndi zikhalidwe za anthu athanzi.
Mkhalidwe wa Zaumoyo | Zaka zazaka | ||
Achichepere, mpaka 44 | Yapakatikati, mpaka 60 | Okalamba, mpaka 75 | |
Osachepera, hypoglycemia, madigiri 1-2 a shuga, kuyendetsa bwino matenda. | 6,5 | 7 | 7,5 |
Kutsika kwapafupipafupi kwa shuga kapena chizolowezi cha hypoglycemia, magawo a shuga atatu - okhala ndi chizindikiro chazovuta. | 7 | 7,5 | 8 |
Kuchepa msanga kwa hemoglobin yokhala ndi glycated kuchokera ku mfundo zapamwamba kwambiri (zopitilira 10%) kupita kwazotheka kumatha kukhala koopsa kwa retina, lomwe lasintha kwazaka zambiri kukhala shuga wambiri. Pofuna kuti masanzi asawonongeke, odwala amalimbikitsidwa kuti achepetse GH pang'onopang'ono, 1% pachaka.
Musaganize kuti 1% yokha ndiyosamveka. Malinga ndi kafukufuku, kuchepetsa kotero kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha retinopathy ndi 35%, kusintha kwamitsempha ndi 30%, ndikuchepetsa mwayi wokhala ndi vuto la mtima ndi 18%.
Kukhudzidwa kwa milingo yokwezeka ya GH pa thupi
Ngati matenda omwe akukhudza kudalirika kwa kusantaku sakuperekedwako, kuchuluka kwa hemoglobin wa glycated kumatanthauza kuti shuga yayikulu yamwazi kapena kudumpha kwakanthawi.
Zomwe zimayambitsa GH yowonjezereka:
- Matenda a shuga: mitundu 1, 2, LADA, gestational - chomwe chimayambitsa matenda a hyperglycemia.
- Matenda a mahormone omwe kutulutsidwa kwa mahomoni omwe amalepheretsa kulowa kwa glucose kulowa mu minofu chifukwa cha kuletsa kwa insulin kumakulitsidwa kwambiri.
- Ma tumor omwe amapanga mahomoni otere.
- Matenda oopsa a kapamba - kutupa kosatha kapena khansa.
Mu shuga mellitus, pali ubale momveka bwino pakati pa moyo wapakati komanso kuchuluka kwa hemoglobin ya glycosylated. Kwa wodwala wosasuta wazaka 55, wokhala ndi cholesterol wabwinobwino (<4) ndi kupanikizika kwabwino (120/80), ubalewu uzowoneka motere:
Okwatirana | Kutalika kwamoyo pa GH: | ||
6% | 8% | 10% | |
amuna | 21,1 | 20,6 | 19,9 |
azimayi | 21,8 | 21,3 | 20,8 |
Malinga ndi izi, zikuwonekeratu kuti glycated hemoglobin inakwera mpaka 10% kuba kwa wodwala osachepera chaka cha moyo. Ngati wodwala matenda ashuga nawonso amasuta, samayang'anira kukakamizidwa ndikuzunza mafuta a nyama, moyo wake umafupikitsidwa ndi zaka 7-8.
Kuopsa kochepetsa hemoglobin wa glycated
Matenda okhudzana ndi kuchepa kwakukulu kwa magazi kapena kuwonongedwa kwa maselo ofiira am'magazi amatha kupereka kuchepa kwabodza kwa GH. Kuchepa kwenikweni kumatheka kokha ndi shuga wokhazikika pansipa yokhazikika kapena pafupipafupi hypoglycemia. Kuwunikira kwa GH ndikofunikanso pakuwonetsa za latent hypoglycemia. Shuga amatha kugwa m'maloto, pafupi ndi m'mawa, kapena wodwala sangamve zomwe akuwonetsa chifukwa chake musamayese glucose panthawiyi.
Mu shuga mellitus, gawo la GH limachepetsedwa pamene mlingo wa mankhwalawo umasankhidwa molakwika, zakudya zama carb ochepa, komanso kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwambiri. Kuti muthane ndi hypoglycemia ndikuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa hemoglobin yokhala ndi glycated, muyenera kulumikizana ndi endocrinologist kuti muwongolere mankhwalawa.
Mwa anthu opanda matenda a shuga, hemoglobin yotsika ya magazi imatha kutsimikizika ngati malabsorption m'matumbo, kutopa, chiwindi ndi matenda a impso, mawonekedwe a zotupa zopanga insulin (werengani za insulin), komanso uchidakwa.
Kudalira kwa GH komanso kuchuluka kwa shuga
Kafukufuku wachipatala adawulula ubale pakati pa kuchuluka kwa shuga tsiku lililonse ndi zotsatira za kusanthula kwa GH. Kuwonjezeka kwa 1% peresenti ya maswiti okhala ndi maswiti chifukwa chakuwonjezereka kwa anthu ambiri omwe ali ndi shuga pafupifupi 1.6 mmol / L kapena 28.8 mg / dl.
Glycated hemoglobin,% | Mwazi wamagazi | |
mg / dl | mmol / l | |
4 | 68,4 | 3,9 |
4,5 | 82,8 | 4,7 |
5 | 97,2 | 5,5 |
5,5 | 111,6 | 6,3 |
6 | 126 | 7 |
6,5 | 140,4 | 7,9 |
7 | 154,8 | 8,7 |
7,5 | 169,2 | 9,5 |
8 | 183,6 | 10,3 |
8,5 | 198 | 11 |
9 | 212,4 | 11,9 |
9,5 | 226,8 | 12,7 |
10 | 241,2 | 13,5 |
10,5 | 255,6 | 14,3 |
11 | 268,2 | 14,9 |
11,5 | 282,6 | 15,8 |
12 | 297 | 16,6 |
12,5 | 311,4 | 17,4 |
13 | 325,8 | 18,2 |
13,5 | 340,2 | 18,9 |
14 | 354,6 | 19,8 |
14,5 | 369 | 20,6 |
15 | 383,4 | 21,4 |
15,5 | 397,8 | 22,2 |
Chidule Chosanthula
Dzinalo | Glycated hemoglobin, HbA1Chemoglobin A1C. | |
Gawo | Kuyesa kwamwazi wamagazi | |
Mawonekedwe | Njira yolondola kwambiri yothetsera matenda a shuga a nthawi yayitali, omwe amavomerezedwa ndi WHO. | |
Zizindikiro | Kuzindikira matenda a shuga mellitus, kuwunika kuchuluka kwa chiphuphu chake, kudziwa kuyenera kwa chithandizo cha prediabetes m'miyezi 3 yapitayo. | |
Contraindication | Zaka mpaka miyezi 6, kutuluka magazi. | |
Kodi magaziwo amachokera kuti? | Mu ma labotoreti - kuchokera m'mitsempha, magazi athunthu amagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonzanso. Mukamagwiritsa ntchito owerengera nyumba - kuchokera pachala (magazi a capillary). | |
Kukonzekera | Zosafunika. | |
Zotsatira zakuyesa | % ya kuchuluka kwa hemoglobin. | |
Kumasulira Kutanthauzira | Zowonjezera ndiz 4-5.9%. | |
Nthawi yotsogolera | Tsiku limodzi la bizinesi. | |
Mtengo | mu labotale | Pafupifupi 600 ma ruble. + mtengo wotenga magazi. |
patsambalo losunthika | Mtengo wa chipangizocho ndi pafupifupi ma ruble 5000, mtengo wamitundu 25 yoyesa ndi ma ruble 1250. |