Matenda a shuga ndi njira yodwala yomwe imadziwika ndi kuphwanya kagayidwe (metabolism). Izi zimachitika chifukwa chosakwanira kupanga mahomoni a insulin, monga vuto la matenda a shuga 1 kapena kuphwanya mayendedwe ake a maselo ndi minyewa ya thupi (mtundu wa 2 matenda).
Nkhaniyi ikufotokozera mwatsatanetsatane mitundu yayikulu ya matenda a shuga, kusiyana kwa zomwe zimayambitsa ndi njira zotukula, komanso kufotokoza kwa machitidwe a chithandizo cha odwala.
Zokhudza insulini ndi gawo lake m'thupi la munthu
Insulin ndi mahomoni omwe kapamba amapanga. Chiwalocho chili kumbuyo kwa m'mimba, chimazunguliridwa ndi ndulu komanso chiuno cha duodenum. Kulemera kwa kapamba ndi pafupifupi 80 g.
Kuphatikiza pa mahomoni, chitsulo chimapanga madzi a pancreatic, ofunikira kuti chimbudzi cha lipids, chakudya chamagulu ndi mapuloteni. Madzi a insulin amapangidwa ndi β-cell. Amakhala pang'onopang'ono padziko lonse la kapamba m'njira zamagulu ang'onoang'ono omwe amatchedwa islets of Langerhans-Sobolev. Zilumbazi zilinso ndi ma α-cell omwe amapanga glucagon yomwe imagwira ntchito m'thupi. Hormone iyi imasiyananso ndi insulin.
Insulin ndi molekyulu ya protein yomwe imakhala ndi ma ma amino acid angapo. Ntchito yake ndikutenga shuga (shuga) ndi maselo amthupi. Shuga ndikofunikira kuti munthu alandire mphamvu. Popanda izi, maselo ndi minyewa sizingathe kugwira ntchito zawo.
Kufanana ndi kudya shuga, insulin imayang'anitsanso kulowetsedwa kwa ma amino acid m'maselo. Ma amino acid amatengedwa kuti ndi imodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomangira. Ntchito ina ya insulin ndikuphatikizira kwa lipids m'thupi.
Nkhopeyi ndi gawo lochita zinthu zosiyanasiyana
Gulu la Matenda a shuga
Malinga ndi gulu la matenda a shuga omwe amavomerezedwa ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito mu endocrinology yamakono, matenda am'magazi agawidwa m'mitundu iyi:
- Mtundu 1 - wodwala insulin (IDDM);
- Mtundu 2 - sanali insulin odziimira (NIDDM);
- mawonekedwe
- mitundu yapadera ya matenda ashuga.
Njira yotsirizayi ndi gulu la zikhalidwe za pathological zomwe zimasiyana wina ndi mnzake muzochitika zawo za pathogene ndipo zimayambitsa chitukuko. Izi zimaphatikizira zolakwika zobadwa nazo pamlingo wa majini ndi ma cell a insulin kapena ma insulin achinsinsi, matenda omwe amayamba chifukwa cha zochita za mankhwala ndi mankhwala, matenda ashuga chifukwa cha njira zopatsirana, ndi zina zambiri.
Mtundu 1
Matenda a Type 1 (ICD-10 code - E10) amatengedwa ngati njira ya autoimmune, chifukwa cha chomwe zimachitika kuti kufa kwa ma cell a insulin. Mukuyankhula chilankhulo chomveka, m'thupi la munthu machitidwe otere amayambitsidwa, pomwe maselo awo chitetezo amatenga masoka achilendo ndikuwawononga.
Monga lamulo, mtundu wodalira insulin umayamba chifukwa cha chibadwa chamtsogolo, koma zotsatirazi zimayambitsa gawo lalikulu. Ziwerengero zikuwonetsa kuti kupezeka kwa matenda kwa mwana ndikotheka muzochitika zotsatirazi:
- ngati mayi akudwala - pafupipafupi 2%;
- bambo wodwala - 5%;
- m'bale kapena mlongo wodwala - 6%.
Ngati wachibale wina ali ndi matendawa, ena onse m'banjamo amatha kukhala athanzi, ngakhale atakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu.
Kukhalapo kwa ndondomeko ya autoimmune, ndiko kuti, ma antibodies m'thupi kukhala ndi maselo apancreatic, amapezeka mwaoposa 80% ya odwala omwe amadalira insulin. Nthawi zambiri, limodzi ndi matenda amtundu woyamba, odwala matenda ashuga amadwala matenda ena a autoimmune, mwachitsanzo, matenda a adrenal osakwanira, matenda a kapamba, vitiligo, ndi rheumatism.
Kodi zikukula bwanji?
Nthawi zambiri, zizindikiro zamatenda zimawonekera pomwe maselo opitilira 85% a insulini atha kumwalira kale, koma kutengera mawonekedwe a chamoyo, nthawi imeneyi imatha kusiyanasiyana. Nthawi zambiri amapezeka ubwana ndi unyamata. Zimachitika kuti odwala achichepere amaphunzira za kukhalapo kwa matendawa kale panthawi yazovuta zambiri, mwachitsanzo, ndi ketoacidotic state.
Kuchepa kwa mphamvu ndi kuchepa kwa insulin kumabweretsa kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwamafuta ndi mapuloteni, omwe amafotokozera kuchepa kwa wodwala. Kuthamanga kwa magazi kumadzetsa mawonekedwe a hyperosmolarity, omwe amawonetsedwa ndikupanga mkodzo waukulu komanso kukula kwa zizindikiro za kuchepa mphamvu kwa thupi. Popeza insulin sikokwanira, thupi limakhala ndi vuto la mphamvu, chifukwa chake, pali kuphatikiza kwakukulu kwa mahomoni otsutsana, ndiye kuti, omwe ali ndi zotsutsana ndi ntchito ya insulin.
Kuwonongeka kwakukulu kwamafuta kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwamafuta acids m'magazi. Izi ndizomwe zimayambitsa kupangika komanso kudziunjikira kwa matupi a ketone (acetone), omwe amakhala provocateurs a ketoacidotic state. Ngati matenda oterewa, kuchepa mphamvu kwa magazi ndi kusunthika kwa magazi mu gawo la acid akupitilirabe kuyenda bwino, wodwalayo angagwetsedwe, ngakhale kufa nkotheka.
Zizindikiro
"Matenda" amtundu wa 1 amadziwika ndi kukula kwa zizindikiro zowoneka bwino, zomwe zikukula kwambiri milungu ingapo. Odwala odwala matenda ashuga amadandaula:
- mapangidwe a mkodzo wambiri;
- ludzu lambiri;
- kulimbitsa khungu kosalekeza;
- kuwonda.
Kuwonetsedwa kwa matendawa kumawerengedwa mwachindunji, komabe kumafunikanso kuwazindikira
Kuchepa kwa thupi, komwe kumayendetsedwa ndi chizolowezi kapena kuwonjezeka kwa chakudya, ndi chimodzi mwazizindikiro zomwe zimasiyanitsa mtundu umodzi wa matenda amtundu wa shuga. Wodwalayo amakhala ndi nkhawa chifukwa chofooka lakuthwa, sangathe kugwira ntchito mwachizolowezi, kuwodzera kumachitika.
Kukula kwa chithunzi cha chipatala kumayendetsedwa ndi mawonekedwe a fungo la acetone mu mpweya wotuluka, kupweteka kwam'mimba, nseru ndi kusanza, komanso zizindikiro za kuchepa thupi. Ngati matendawa akuwoneka atakalamba (pafupifupi zaka 40), Zizindikiro zake sizinatchulidwe motero, ndipo, monga lamulo, kupezeka kwa matendawa kumatsimikiziridwa panthawi yoyesedwa kuchipatala.
Mtundu 2
Mellitus wosadalira insulini (code malinga ndi ICD-10 - E11) ndi matenda osachiritsika, kutsutsana ndi kumbuyo komwe shuga wambiri m'magazi amayamba chifukwa cha kukana insulin. Pambuyo pake, ntchito ya β-maselo a zisumbu za Langerhans-Sobolev amasokonekera. Kufanana ndi kagayidwe kazakudya, michere imakhudzanso kagayidwe ka mafuta.
Kuvuta kwa chiwindi ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa matenda a 2. Ngati m'modzi wa makolo ali ndi matendawa, ana amadwala mu 40% ya milandu. Komabe, kubadwa kokha sikokwanira, zifukwa zoyambitsa izi:
- kunenepa kwambiri;
- zolimbitsa thupi zochepa;
- kuchuluka kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi;
- kuchuluka kwa triglycerides m'mwazi;
- kukhalapo kwa mwana wobadwa wolemera kuposa makilogalamu anayi m'mbuyomu;
- kupezeka kwa matenda ashuga oyambitsidwa kale;
- polycystic ovary.
Pakadali pano, kuchuluka kwa odwala matenda amtundu wa 2 kukukulira. Kuposa 85% yaonse odwala matenda ophunzitsa amaphunzitsa mtundu uwu wa matenda. Nthawi zambiri, amuna ndi akazi a zaka zapakati ndi odwala amadwala.
Kunenepa kwambiri ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zoyambitsa matenda a NIDDM.
Kodi zikukula bwanji?
Njira yotukutsira imatengera kuti insulin imatsutsana, ndiye kuti, kapamba amatulutsa kuchuluka kokwanira kwa mahomoni ofunikira kutengera mamolekyulu a shuga m'maselo, koma maselo nawonso amalephera kuzindikira izi. Zotsatira zake ndi hyperglycemia.
Kwa mtundu wachiwiri wa mkhalidwe wamatenda, mawonekedwe a ketoacidosis samasinthika, popeza kuchuluka kochepa kwa mahormoni, koma ma islets a Langerhans-Sobolev sanapangike.
Zizindikiro
Matendawa nthawi zambiri amawonekera mwa odwala opitilira zaka 40. Nthawi zambiri, chithunzi cha chipatalachi chimaphatikizidwa ndi mawonekedwe a kulemera kwa thupi, kusintha kwa zizindikiro zamafuta a metabolism pakuyesedwa kwa magazi. Zizindikiro zina:
- kugwira ntchito kumachepetsedwa pang'ono, koma sikutchulidwa ngati mtundu woyamba wa matenda;
- ludzu la m'magazi;
- kuchuluka kwa mkodzo wambiri;
- azimayi amatha kukhala ndi nkhawa yotseka khungu pakhungu komanso perineum;
- zotupa zimawonekera pakhungu, osati kuchiritsa kwa nthawi yayitali;
- kusasangalala, dzanzi ndi goosebumps pamunsi m'munsi.
Mtundu wamtundu
Gulu la WHO la mellitus la shuga limaphatikizira mawonekedwe a matendawa (ICD-10 code - O24). Amakonda azimayi oyembekezera. 5-7% ya odwala omwe amabereka ana amadwala "matenda okoma". Gulu la WHO la matenda ashuga ndi mitundu yake limaphatikizanso dzina lina la zamtunduwu - matenda apakati a shuga.
Ngati nthendayo inaonekera mwa mkazi mwana asanabadwe, zimatengedwa kuti ndi zosafunikira, panthawi ya bestation - gestational. Pakadali pano, momwe zimapangidwira chitukuko komanso zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa sizimamveka bwino. Pali umboni wa gawo la chibadwire. Zowopsa zomwe zingachitike zingaphatikizeponso:
- kuvulala kwamthupi ndi m'malingaliro;
- matenda opatsirana;
- matenda a kapamba;
- kuphatikiza zakudya zamafuta ochulukirapo azakudya zambiri.
Obstetrician-gynecologists amavomereza kuti kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi moyenera kumachepetsa chiopsezo cha matenda
Fomu ya gestational imatha kudziwoneka mwa mawonekedwe, i, chithunzi chowoneka bwino, kapena mawonekedwe a kulolera kwa glucose. Pathology, monga lamulo, imazimiririka payekha mwana atabadwa.
Pa nthawi ya bere, thupi la mzimayi limasinthidwa ndimitundu ina. Ichi ndi chifukwa cha kugwira ntchito kwa placenta, komwe kumapangitsa kuti ma mahisoni otsatirawa:
- chorionic gonadotropin;
- progesterone;
- estrogens;
- corticosteroids, etc.
Zinthu zonse izi zokhala ndi mahomoni zimayambitsa mawonekedwe a insulin. Pakadali pano, kuchokera ku kapamba, pamakhala ma cell a insulin achinsinsi komanso kutulutsidwa kwa insulin yambiri m'magazi. Maonekedwe a kukana insulini kumabweretsa chakuti thupi la mkazi limayamba kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta omwe amapezeka mumafuta, pomwe shuga amasungidwa kuti athandize mwana wosabadwayo. Kuphatikiza kwa cholowa champhamvu ku "matenda okoma" ndi zina zomwe zili pamwambapa, matendawa amakula.
Zizindikiro
Mtundu wamtundu wa matendawa umadziwoneka wofanana ndi mitundu ina ya matenda ashuga, koma zizindikirazo ndizofooka pang'ono. Mzimayi sangakhale ndi chidwi ndi zomwe akuwonetsa, kuphatikiza kupezeka kwake ndi malo ake "osangalatsa". Ngati chithunzi cha chipatala chitatchulidwa, mayi woyembekezera atha kufikitsa madandaulo otsatirawa:
- kamwa yowuma
- kufunitsitsa kosamwa;
- kuchuluka kwa mkodzo wambiri;
- kulakalaka;
- kuchepa kwa ntchito ndi kufooka;
- maonekedwe a kuyabwa ndikuwotcha maliseche.
Zofunika! Nthawi zambiri, matendawa amakula kumapeto kwachiwiri kapena koyambirira kwa trimester yachitatu.
Zotsatira za matenda a mayi ndi mwana wosabadwayo
Matenda oopsa a hyperglycemia amasokoneza thupi la mayi ndi mwana. Mimba ikhoza kukhala yovuta:
- polyhydramnios;
- mochedwa gestosis;
- kuchotsa mimbazo nthawi yayitali;
- kubadwa kwa mwana wokhala ndi thupi lalikulu (zoposa 4-4,5 kg).
Makanda obadwa kuchokera kwa mayi wodwala amakhala ndi mawonekedwe. Mapewa awo ndi onse, mafuta onunkhira amatchulidwa, nkhope yake ndi mawonekedwe ozungulira mwezi. Kutupa kofunikira pakhungu ndi hypertrichosis kumawonedwa. Mavuto akulu kwambiri a matendawa ndi imfa ya fetal nthawi yomwe mwana akukula komanso kufa kwa mwana wakhanda. Monga lamulo, zinthu zotere zimachitika pamaso pa matenda.
Ana obadwa kuchokera kwa mayi wodwala ndiosiyana ndi anzawo pamatupi awo akuluakulu komanso mawonekedwe
Mitundu yapadera
Tikuyankhula za mitundu yachiwiri ya matenda omwe amachitika mchikakamizo cha mankhwala, mankhwala, njira zopatsirana ndi matenda ena a endocrine ndi extendocrine magawo.
Matenda ndi mikhalidwe yotsatira ya kapamba zingayambitse matenda ashuga:
- kutupa kwa ziwalo;
- kuwonongeka kwamakina;
- kuchotsedwa kwa ndulu;
- neoplasms;
- cystic fibrosis;
- pigmentary cirrhosis, etc.
Mwa mankhwala ndi mankhwala, nicotinic acid, mahomoni a adrenal cortex, ma interferon, mahomoni a chithokomiro, komanso okodzetsa angathandize kukulitsa matendawa. Mndandandawo ukupitilirabe ndi ma opiates, ziphe zomwe zimapangidwira kupha makoswe, antidepressants, mankhwala ogwiritsira ntchito antiretroviral therapy.
Zochizira
Therapy yamatenda am'mimba imasankhidwa payekha pachikhalidwe chilichonse chamankhwala. Njira ndi njira zamankhwala zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito zimadalira matenda a shuga, mtundu wake, kuwala kwa chithunzi cha chipatala, komanso kupezeka kwa zovuta. A endocrinologist woyenera angakuuzeni momwe mungadziwire ndikutsimikizira kukhalapo kwa matenda. Adziwonetsa njira zotsatirazi:
- kuyezetsa magazi konse ndi mkodzo;
- kusala kwa capillary magazi shuga;
- magazi zamankhwala;
- kuyesa kwa mkodzo;
- kuyesedwa kwa glucose - ndikofunikira kwa azimayi onse oyembekezera panthawi yomwe akuchokera kwa masabata 22 mpaka 26 atakhala ndi pakati;
- Kutsimikiza kwa glycosylated hemoglobin.
Njira zochizira siziphatikizapo mankhwala okha, komanso masewera olimbitsa thupi, kukonza zakudya, kuphunzira kudziletsa.
Ndikofunika kuti achibale azithandizira chikhumbo chodwala kuti achepetse kupsinjika kwa matenda komanso kuti azilipira
Kudziletsa
Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga ayenera kusungabe zakukhosi kwawo, glycemia, kuchuluka kwamadzi amkodzo, ndikuwonetsa zonse zomwe achita tsiku lililonse. Kutalika kwa zisonyezo zotere ndikuwerengera kwawo ndikudziwunikira pawokha.Cholinga cha zochitika ngati zotere si kungowongolera kuchuluka kwa shuga, komanso kutanthauzira zotsatira, komanso kukonzekera zochita zawo ngati manambalawo ali kunja kwa zovomerezeka.
Ndi thanzi labwino, ndikofunikira kuyeza kuchuluka kwa shuga panyumba ndikujambulira izi osachepera kamodzi patsiku. Kusintha kulikonse muumoyo waumoyo kumafunikira kufotokozera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kangapo patsiku:
- pamaso chakudya chachikulu chilichonse;
- patapita kanthawi madzi atalowa mkati;
- musanapume madzulo;
- Nthawi zina, mungafunike kuyeza kusala kudya m'mawa.
Glucose wa urine amayeza nawonso kunyumba. Izi zimafunikira kupezeka kwa zingwe zomveka. Zitha kugulidwa ku malo ogulitsa mankhwala. Kupezeka kwa shuga mkodzo kukuwonetsa kuti kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi kumadutsa 10 mmol / l, popeza ndi chiwerengerochi chomwe chimakhala gawo lachiwopsezo pomwe mamolekyulu a shuga amalowerera mkodzo.
Kuti mukhale ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku wokhala ndi munthu wodwala matenda a shuga, ndikofunikira kugula zida ndi zida zotsatirazi:
- glucometer yokhala ndi malawi, zingwe zoyesera ndi zofunikira mu kit;
- mikwingwirima yowonetsera mkodzo, womwe umayeza kuchuluka kwa matupi a acetone ndi shuga;
- owunika magazi kuti afotokozere za kuchuluka kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi;
- zolemba zodziyang'anira nokha, momwe zofunikira zonse zalembedwera.
Chakudya chopatsa thanzi
Kuwongolera zakudya zomwe munthu amadya ndizomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mtundu uliwonse wa matenda ashuga. Ndi mtundu 1, kusintha menyu anu kumakuthandizani kuti muchepetse katundu pa kapamba, muchepetse zochuluka zamafuta omwe amalandidwa mthupi. Ndi matenda a shuga a 2, kudya zakudya zochepa zopatsa mphamvu sikuti kungakwaniritse zomwe tafotokozazi, komanso kuchepetsa thupi.
Odwala akulimbikitsidwa kuti azisamalira tebulo No. 9, lomwe lingakhale ndi zosankha zingapo (a, b, c)
Odwala ayenera mosamalitsa kudya tsiku lililonse zopatsa mphamvu. Amawerengeredwa aliyense payekha kwa wodwala aliyense, kutengera kulemera kwake, zaka, jenda, mphamvu zamagetsi, zolimbitsa thupi, ndi mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pazakudya za odwala, ndikofunikira kuti muchepetse kudya zakudya zamagulu ochulukirapo komanso zakudya zopatsa mphamvu zambiri. Mapuloteni siwotheka kokha, komanso ofunikira, mafuta amayenera kuchepetsedwa pang'ono, makamaka ndi mtundu wa 2 matenda.
Odwala ayenera kumvetsetsa dongosolo lama mkate, glycemic ndi insulin product indices, zopatsa mphamvu. Kufotokozera kwa mfundo za zakudya:
- osamadya mkate wopitilira 8 pachakudya chimodzi;
- zakumwa zotsekemera (zakumwa zozizilitsa kukhosi, tiyi ndi shuga, msuzi wa sitolo) ndizoletsedwa;
- m'malo othandizira a shuga amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo mwa shuga, ndipo ma compotes a kunyumba ndi zakumwa zam'magazi amagwiritsidwa ntchito m'malo momasungira timadzi;
- kuchuluka kwa magawo a mkate kuyenera kukonzedwa pasadakhale, popeza insulin imayendetsedwa mankhwala asanalowe m'thupi;
- chakudya chizikhala m'magawo ang'onoang'ono, koma pafupipafupi;
- odwala ayenera kulandira madzi okwanira - zoletsa zingakhale pamaso pa kulephera kwa impso kapena zovuta zina zomwe zimayendetsedwa ndi edema.
Zambiri pazazinthu zoletsedwa, komanso zomwe ziyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mopanda mantha, zimapezeka pagome.
Ma calorie apamwamba kwambiri omwe ayenera kukhala ochepa | Zinthu Zololedwa | Mowa wololedwa (pazoyenera kugwiritsa ntchito - pansipa) |
Zakudya zamafuta ndi nsomba | Zamasamba ndi zipatso, kupatula mbatata yophika, kaloti ndi beets (muyenera kuchepetsa pang'ono), zipatso zosaphatikizika | Vinyo wouma - 200-250 ml |
Soseji ndi zakudya zamzitini | Mitundu yamafuta ochepa am'madzi ndi nyama, nsomba zam'nyanja | Vodka, cognac - 50-80 ml |
Kirimu wowawasa ndi zonona zopangidwa kunyumba | Chees yotsika mafuta ochepa, kirimu wowawasa | |
Maswiti ndi ayisikilimu | Mbale, kupatula semolina ndi mpunga woyera | |
Zakumwa zoledzeretsa | Mazira | |
Mkate ndi muffin zochokera ku ufa wa tirigu oyera | Mkate, mkate wa gingerb kutengera rye kapena ufa wonse wa tirigu |
Kuthekera kwa kumwa kumakambidwa payekhapayekha. A ochepa amavomerezedwa pamaso pa kubwezeretsedwa kwa matenda a shuga, kusakhalapo kwa zovuta, thanzi labwinobwino la wodwalayo. Mowa wosaloledwa ndi cocktails okoma.
Mankhwala
Chithandizo cha IDDM ndi mitundu yakhazikitsidwa pamakhalidwe a insulin. Umu ndi momwe amathandizira mahomoni kutengera insulini kuti m'malo mwa kusowa kwa chinthu chanu mthupi. Pali magulu angapo a mankhwala omwe amasiyana pakanthawi kochedwa ndi kuthamanga kwa kuyambika kwake: mankhwala a ultrashort, achidule, mahomoni a nthawi yayitali, komanso ma insulin a nthawi yayitali.
Nthawi zambiri, madokotala amaphatikiza mankhwala awiri nthawi imodzi ndi nthawi zosiyana. Izi ndizofunikira kuti zitheke kwambiri. Ma insulini omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku onse:
- Apidra
- Humalogue;
- Rinsulin P;
- Monodar;
- Biosulin N;
- Levemir;
- Lantus.
Mankhwalawa amapaka jakisoni wa insulini, ma syringe kapena kugwiritsa ntchito pampu ya insulin
Matenda a Type 2 amafuna kugwiritsa ntchito mapiritsi ochepetsa shuga. Magulu akuluakulu ndi a greatuanides, sulfonylureas, thiazolidatediones, ma dongo, etc.
Kusiyanitsa kwakusiyana pakati pa mitundu ya matenda ashuga kuyenera kuchitika kokha ndi katswiri woyenera. Zithandizanso kusankha njira yochizira, moyo wabwino komanso kupereka malingaliro omwe angathandize wodwala kuti athe kulipiritsa msanga.