Kusunga kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi (glycemia) ndi imodzi mwazinthu zofunikira kwambiri m'thupi la munthu, popeza kupatsidwa mphamvu yamoyo kumadalira izi.
Chizindikiro cha njira zoyenera za kagayidwe kachakudya ndi glucose kuyambira 3,3 mpaka 5.5 mmol / l. Miyezo ya glycemia imadalira zaka, chifukwa makanda m'magazi muyezo wama glucose umakhala wotsika, ndipo kwa okalamba ndizovomerezeka.
Ngati zopatuka zikapezeka, ndiye kuti maphunziro owonjezera amachitika kuti adziwe zoyenera ndi kuchitira ena.
Kodi shuga amasungidwa motani?
Kudya ndiye gwero lalikulu la glucose m'magazi. Mphamvu zambiri zimachokera ku kukonza mafuta. Mwanjira imeneyi, michere yosavuta imalowera m'magazi, ndipo mafuta ovuta amapezeka m'matumbo mothandizidwa ndi encyme ya pancreatic yotchedwa amylase.
Glucose yoyera imatha kupezeka muzakudya, imalowetsedwa kale m'mkamwa. Fructose ndi galactose, omwe amapezeka mu zipatso ndi mkaka, motero, amakonzedwanso kuma mamolekyulu a shuga, kulowa mkatikati mwa matumbo kulowa m'magazi, ndikuwonjezera shuga.
Sikuti glucose onse omwe amalowa m'magazi amafunikira mphamvu, makamaka ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi. Chifukwa chake, m'chiwindi, minofu ndi maselo amafuta, amaikidwa m'malo osungira. Fomu yosungirako ndiyophatikiza zovuta - glycogen. Mapangidwe ake amayang'aniridwa ndi insulin, ndipo kusintha kosinthika kwa glucose kumayendetsa glucagon.
Pakati pa chakudya, gwero la glucose likhoza kukhala:
- Kuwonongeka kwa glycogen m'chiwindi (njira yofulumira kwambiri), minofu yam'mimba.
- Mapangidwe a shuga ndi chiwindi kuchokera ku amino acid ndi glycerol, lactate.
- Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamafuta pakuchepetsa kwa glycogen nkhokwe.
Kudya kumayambitsa njira zowonjezera katulutsidwe ka insulin. Homoni iyi ikalowa m'magazi, imathandizira kulowa kwa glucose kudzera mu membrane wa cell ndikusintha kwake kukhala glycogen kapena mphamvu pakugwiritsa ntchito ziwalo. Chifukwa chake, pakapita kanthawi, glycemia m'magazi imabwezeretseka.
Ngati insulin ipangika mosakwanira m'thupi (mtundu 1 wa matenda ashuga), kapena maselo omwe amadalira insulin samvera bwino (mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda ashuga), ndiye kuti shuga ya m'magazi imakwera ndipo minofu imayamba kufa ndi njala. Zizindikiro zazikulu za shuga zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi izi: kutuluka kwamkodzo kwamkodzo, kufunikira kwakukulu kwamadzimadzi ndi chakudya.
Momwe mungadziwire shuga wamagazi?
Mitundu ya shuga okhutira m'magazi a anthu ndi tebulo lodalira glycemia pazaka zitha kupezeka mu labotale iliyonse yomwe imapangitsa maphunziro a metabolism ya carbohydrate. Koma kuti muwonetsetse bwino zotsatira zake, muyenera kumuonana ndi dokotala, chifukwa muyenera kulingalira za chithunzi cha matenda azachipatala.
Kuti mawunikidwe akhale odalirika, shuga wamagazi amayenera kuwerengedwa pambuyo pa maola 8 akusala kudya. Izi zimawonedwa posankha kusala kudya kwa glycemia. Zingafunikenso kudziwa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa glucose mutatha kudya kapena kutsitsa ndi shuga (mayeso a shuga).
Kusiyana kwa shuga m'magazi pazinthu zamtengo wapatali kungakhale kwa plasma ndi magazi athunthu. Kwa magazi a capillary ndi venous, miyeso imasiyana ndi 12%: kwa akazi ndi amuna omwe ali ndi zaka zapakati pa 14 ndi 59, glucose yemwe ali m'magazi kuyambira chala sayenera kupitirira 5.5 mmol / l, komanso kuchokera m'mitsempha - 6.1 mmol / l.
Shuga wamagazi amayesedwa pamagulu awa odwala:
- Matenda a shuga kapena kukayikira kwake.
- Zaka kuyambira zaka 45.
- Kunenepa kwambiri
- Kulakwiridwa kwa adrenal gland, chithokomiro kapena kapamba, ndulu ya pituitary.
- Mimba
- Cholocha cholowa cha matenda ashuga.
- Matenda a chiwindi.
- Kutenga mahomoni a steroid.
Malinga ndi tebulo la kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, zotsatira zomwe zimapezedwa (mu mmol / l) zitha kuwerengedwa ngati zabwinobwino (3.3-5.5), shuga wotsika - hypoglycemia (mu makanda mpaka 2.8, mwa akulu mpaka 3.3), kusala kudya kwa hyperglycemia - pamwambapa 5.5 mwa achikulire, 4,4 mwa makanda, 6.4 pambuyo pa zaka 60.
Matenda a shuga amakhalanso pansi pa chitsimikiziro cha hyperglycemia choposa 7 mmol / l, mikhalidwe yonse yomwe imadziwika ndi kuwonjezeka kwa shuga kuposa zabwinobwino, koma pansi pamalire awa ayenera kuwonedwa ngati malire. Kuti mumvetse bwino za matenda anu pamenepa, kuyesedwa kwa glucose kumayikidwa.
Amayambitsa ndi zizindikiro za hyperglycemia
Matenda ofala kwambiri, omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa glycemia, ndi matenda a shuga. Zimachitika pakakhala kusowa kwa insulini kapena kuphwanya kulumikizana kwake ndi ma receptors mu minofu. Pa nthawi yoyembekezera, pakhoza kukhala ndikuwonjezeka kwakanthawi kwa shuga komwe kumachitika pambuyo pobadwa kwa mwana - matenda a shuga.
Matenda a shuga a sekondale amatha kuphwanya kagayidwe kazakudya kwa kuwonongeka kwa chithokomiro cha chithokomiro, hypothalamus kapena greneral gland. Hyperglycemia yotere ikadzabwezeretsanso magwiridwe antchito amtundu wa endocrine amazimiririka. Njira zotupa mu chiwindi ndi kapamba zimapangitsanso kuchuluka kwa shuga kwakanthawi.
Mahomoni opsinjika, omwe amamasulidwa kwambiri pakuvulala kwambiri, kuwotcha, zochitika zadzidzidzi, kuchuluka kwazinthu, mantha, kungayambitse hyperglycemia. Amathandizanso pakudya mankhwala ena okodzetsa, mankhwala a antihypertensive, corticosteroids ndi antidepressants, waukulu Mlingo wa khofi.
Zizindikiro za shuga wambiri zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi ma osmotic a mamolekyu a shuga, omwe amakopa minyewa yamadzimadzi pa iwo, kupangitsa kuti madzi atheretu:
- W ludzu.
- Kuchulukitsa diuresis, kuphatikiza usiku.
- Khungu lowuma, mucous nembanemba.
- Kuchepetsa thupi.
Hyperglycemia yokhazikika imasokoneza kayendedwe ka magazi ndi ntchito ya chitetezo cha mthupi, kapangidwe kazinthu mu minyewa yamitsempha, imawononga minofu ya impso, retina la maso, komanso zimathandizira kuphwanya kagayidwe ka mafuta komanso kukula kwa atherosulinosis.
Kuti muwone kusintha kwa shuga kwakanthawi kambiri, zomwe zili mu glycated hemoglobin zimayeza. Glycated hemoglobin wamba tebulo la chizindikirochi limapereka zotsatira zitatu: mpaka 6% ya hemoglobin yonse ndi zotsatira zabwino, umboni wa Normoglycemia, kuyambira 6 mpaka 6.5% ndi prediabetes, pamwamba pa 6.5% ndi chizindikiro cha matenda ashuga.
Mutha kusiyanitsa shuga ndi kulekerera kwa glucose pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso opsinjika. Imachitika ndikuwonjezereka kwamphamvu kwa kuthamanga kwa magazi, kunenepa kwambiri, kudziwikiratu kwamtundu, polycystic ovary syndrome, gout, kusadziwika bwino kwa matenda a polyneuropathy, furunculosis komanso matenda opatsirana pafupipafupi.
Amawonetsedwa kwa amayi omwe ali ndi vuto losakhazikika, matenda ashuga, ngati mwana wosabadwayo wabadwa wamwalira, mwana amakhala ndi unyinji waukulu pakubadwa kapena kuwonongeka. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti muwerenge kukana kwa chakudya chamafuta ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nthawi yayitali mankhwala a mahomoni, kuphatikizapo zoletsa kulera, okodzetsa.
Gome la shuga m'magazi mutakweza, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kudya kwa 75 g shuga, imatha kuwonetsa zosankha izi (mmol / l):
- Zabwinobwino pamimba yopanda kanthu ndikatha maola awiri: zosakwana 5.6, zosakwana 7.8.
- Kuthamanga glycemia: kusanachitike mayeso 5.6-6.1, atatha ochepera 7.8.
- Kulolerana kwa chakudya chamafuta: 5.6-6.1 musanayesedwe, 7.8-11.1 pambuyo.
- Matenda a shuga: pamwamba pa 6.1 pamimba yopanda kanthu, pamwamba pa 11.1 mutamwa shuga.
Shuga wochepa
Hypoglycemia siowopsa ngati shuga wambiri, amadziwika ndi thupi ngati chinthu chovuta, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti adrenaline ndi cortisol atulutse magazi. Ma hormone awa amathandizira kukulitsa zizindikiro wamba, zomwe zimaphatikizapo palpitations, manja akunjenjemera, thukuta, njala.
Njala ya minyewa yaubongo imayambitsa chizungulire, kupweteka mutu, kuwonjezereka kwa nkhawa ndi nkhawa, kufooketsa ndende, kusokoneza kayendedwe ndi kayendedwe ka malo.
Mu hypoglycemia yayikulu, zizindikiro za kuvulala kwamitsempha yam'mimba imabuka: zosayenera, zopweteka. Wodwalayo amatha kusokonezeka m'matumbo ndipo amakhala ndi vuto la glycemic, lomwe ngati silichiritsidwa, lingamuphe.
Zomwe zimayambitsa shuga wochepa ndiz:
- Mankhwala osokoneza bongo omwe amachepetsa shuga, osokoneza insulin yolakwika ndi zakumwa zoledzeretsa.
- Hyperplasia kapena chotupa cha kapamba.
- Hypothyroidism, ntchito yotsika ya pituitary kapena adrenal gland.
- Kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi: cirrhosis, hepatitis, khansa.
- Zilonda zopweteka.
- Matenda amtundu wa kapangidwe ka michere.
- Ma pathologies amkati omwe amaphwanya mayamwidwe a chakudya.
Hypoglycemia imatha kupezeka mwa makanda obadwa kwa mayi yemwe ali ndi matenda ashuga. Zimayambitsa njala yayitali komanso kupha poizoni ndi chloroform, arsenic, mowa, amphetamine. Kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi kwambiri komanso ma anabolic steroid amatsogolera kuukira kwa hypoglycemic mwa anthu athanzi omwe amachita nawo masewera akatswiri.
Nthawi zambiri hypoglycemia imadziwika mu odwala matenda a shuga. Komanso, zomwe zimapangitsa kukhala kuchuluka kwa mapiritsi a insulini kapena antidiabetes, kusowa kwa kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa zochita zolimbitsa thupi, kapena kudumphira chakudya. Hypoglycemia imatha kutsagana ndi mtundu wina wa insulin.
Matenda a 2 a shuga amapezeka ndi kuchuluka kwa insulin komwe kumayamba matendawa. Zakudya zomwe zimayambitsa kuthamanga kwa shuga m'magazi kapena kutulutsidwa kwambiri kwa insulin zingayambitse kuchepa kwina kwamisempha ya magazi.
Zakudya zoziziritsa kukhosi, ma confectionery, zophika zoyera za ufa, zonunkhira za tchizi ndi mafuta amtundu wotsekemera ali ndi malowa. Kusamba kwa azimayi kumatha kutsatiridwa ndi kusintha kwakuthwa kwa glycemia, komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi kusinthasintha kwa mahomoni.
Kuti muthane ndi hypoglycemia yofatsa, muyenera kudya kapena zakumwa zokhala ndi shuga: msuzi wa zipatso, uchi, miyala ya shuga kapena mapiritsi a shuga, maswiti kapena bun. Ngati chizindikirochi chazimiririka, ndiye kuti pambuyo pa mphindi 15-30 ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti muzidya gawo lomwe limakhala, lomwe limakhala ndi mapuloteni komanso chakudya chamagulu.
Mu hypoglycemia yayikulu, glucagon imayendetsedwa intramuscularly, komanso njira yokhazikika yokhazikika ya glucose. Wodwalayo akatha kudya yekha, amapatsidwa zakudya zokhala ndi carb yambiri, kenako, moyang'aniridwa ndi shuga wamagazi, zakudya zokhazikika zimatha kutumizidwa.
Zambiri zokhudzana ndi kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi zimaperekedwa mu kanema m'nkhaniyi.
