Hormone - chinthu chamafuta chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito kwachilengedwenso, chimapangidwa ndimatenda a endocrine, chimalowa m'magazi, ndikukhudza minofu ndi ziwalo. Masiku ano, asayansi amatha kudziwa kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa zinthu za m'thupi, ndipo anaphunzira kuzisintha.
Popanda mahomoni a kapamba, njira zokomera komanso kusilira ndizosatheka, kapangidwe kazinthu izi kamachitika ndi gawo la endocrine la chiwalo. Ndi kuphwanya gland, munthu amadwala matenda ambiri osasangalatsa.
Pancreatic gland ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri m'matumbo am'mimba, imagwira ntchito ya endocrine komanso yowonjezera ntchito. Amapanga mahomoni ndi ma enzymes, popanda zomwezi sikungatheke kukhalabe ndizosiyanasiyana zamankhwala m'thupi.
Pancreas imakhala ndi mitundu iwiri ya minofu, gawo lachinsinsi lomwe limalumikizidwa ndi duodenum ndiloyenera kutulutsa ma enzymes a kapamba. Ma enzymes ofunikira kwambiri ayenera kutchedwa lipase, amylase, trypsin ndi chymotrypsin. Ngati kuchepa kumawonedwa, kukonzekera kwa makondakonde ndikolembedwera, ntchito imadalira kukula kwa kuphwanya.
Kupanga kwa mahomoni kumapangidwa ndi maselo a islet, gawo lowerengeka silikhala oposa 3% ya misa yonse. Zilumba za Langerhans zimapanga zinthu zomwe zimayang'anira metabolic metabol:
- lipid;
- chakudya;
- mapuloteni.
Matenda a Endocrine mu kapamba amachititsa kuti pakhale matenda angapo owopsa, ndi hypofunction amazindikira matenda a shuga, glucosuria, polyuria, ndi hyperfunction munthu wodwala hypoglycemia, kunenepa kwambiri kosiyanasiyana. Mavuto a mahormone amakumananso ngati mayi amatenga nthawi yobereka kwa nthawi yayitali.
Matenda a pancreatic
Asayansi azindikira mahomoni otsatirawa omwe kapamba amakondweretsa: insulin, pancreatic polypeptide, glucagon, gastrin, kallikrein, lipocaine, amylin, vagotinin. Zonsezi zimapangidwa ndi maselo a islet ndipo ndizofunikira pakuwongolera kagayidwe.
Homoni yayikulu ya pancreatic ndi insulin, imapangidwa kuchokera kwa okhazikika kwa proinsulin, pafupifupi ma amino acid a 51 amalowa mu mawonekedwe ake.
Kuchuluka kwa zinthu m'thupi la munthu mzaka zopitilira 18 kumachokera ku magazi mpaka 3 mpaka 25 mcU / ml. Mukusowa kwambiri kwa insulin, shuga imayamba.
Chifukwa cha insulin, kusintha kwa glucose kukhala glycogen kumayambika, biosynthesis yamahisitiri am'mimba am'mimba imayendetsedwa, kupanga kwa triglycerides, mafuta ochulukirapo amayamba.
Kuphatikiza apo, insulin imachepetsa kuchuluka kwa cholesterol m'magazi, ndikukhala prophylactic motsutsana ndi mtima atherosulinosis. Kuphatikiza apo, mayendedwe kupita ku maselo amakhala bwino:
- ma amino acid;
- macrocell;
- kufufuza zinthu.
Insulin amalimbikitsa mapuloteni a biosynthesis pa ribosomes, amalepheretsa kusintha kwa shuga kuchokera ku zinthu zopanda mafuta, amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa matupi a ketone m'magazi ndi mkodzo wa munthu, ndikuchepetsa kukula kwa maselo am'magazi.
Homoni wa insulin amatha kuchulukitsa kwambiri kusintha kwa ma carbohydrate m'mafuta okhala ndikuthiridwa pambuyo pake, ali ndi udindo wolimbikitsa asidi wa Ribonucleic (RNA) ndi deoxyribonucleic (DNA), kumawonjezera kupezeka kwa glycogen yomwe imasonkhana m'chiwindi ndi minofu minofu. chinthucho sichikhudza chinsinsi cha mahomoni.
Kupanga kwamahomoni amakondedwe kumawongoleredwa ndi mankhwala:
- norepinephrine;
- somatostatin;
- adrenaline
- corticotropin;
- kukula kwamafuta;
- glucocorticoids.
Popeza kupezeka koyambirira kwa vuto la metabolic ndi matenda osokoneza bongo, chokwanira chokwanira chimatha kuthana ndi vuto laumunthu.
Kuchuluka kwambiri kwa insulin kumawopseza amuna omwe alibe mphamvu, odwala amuna kapena akazi ali ndi vuto lililonse la masomphenya, mphumu, bronchitis, matenda oopsa, khonde lanyumba, ndipo zimawonjezera mwayi wokhala ndi vuto la myocardial infarction, atherosulinosis, ziphuphu zakumaso ndi zovuta.
Ngati insulin yochuluka kwambiri ikapangidwa, kapamba payekha amavutika, amadzaza ndi mafuta.
Insulin, glucagon
Pofuna kutsogolera njira zachikhalidwe za metabolic mthupi, amafunika kutenga kukonzekera kwa ma pancreatic. Amayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamalitsa monga akuwongolera ndi endocrinologist.
Insulin
Kugawika kwa kukonzekera kwa mahomoni a pancreatic: kachitidwe kanthawi kochepa, kwapakatikati, dokotala.
Chizindikiro cha kuperekera kwa insulin yochepa-pang'ono ndi shuga komanso shuga wambiri m'magazi, pamene mapiritsi a sweetener sathandiza. Ndalamazi zimaphatikizapo ndalama za Insuman, Rapid, Insuman-Rap, Actrapid, Homo-Rap-40, Humulin.
Komanso, adotolo adzapatsa wodwala ma insulin a nthawi yayitali: Mini Lente-MK, Homofan, Semilong-MK, Semilent-MS. Palinso ena omwe akhala akuchita zamankhwala nthawi yayitali: Super Lente-MK, Ultralente, Ultratard-NM. Mankhwala a insulin, monga lamulo, ndi moyo wonse.
Glucagon
Hormon iyi imaphatikizidwa pamndandanda wazinthu za chilengedwe cha polypeptide, imakhala ndi ma amino acid osiyanasiyana a 29; mwa munthu wathanzi, kuchuluka kwa glucagon kumasiyana pakati pa 25 ndi 125 pg / ml ya magazi. Amawerengedwa ngati othandizira olimbitsa thupi.
Hormonal pancreatic kukonzekera komwe kumakhala ndi zinyama kapena anthu insulin kukhazikitsa monosaccharides. Glucagon:
- zobisika ndi kapamba;
- zimakhudza thupi lonse;
- kumawonjezera katulutsidwe ka katekisimu ndi ma grench.
Glucagon imathandizira kufalikira kwa magazi mu impso, kutsegula kagayidwe, kuwongolera kusintha kwa zinthu zopanda mafuta kuti ikhale shuga, ndikuwonjezera glycemia chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa glycogen ndi chiwindi.
Thupi limalimbikitsa gluconeogenesis, pamitundu yambiri imakhudzira kuchuluka kwa ma elekitirodi, imakhala ndi vuto la antispasmodic, limatsitsa calcium ndi phosphorous, ndikuyamba njira yotsikira mafuta.
The biosynthesis ya glucagon ifunika kulowetsedwa kwa insulin, secretin, kapamba, gastrin ndi kukula kwa mahomoni. Kuti glucagon awonekere, kudya mwachizolowezi mapuloteni, mafuta, ma peptides, zakudya ndi ma amino acid ziyenera kuchitika.
Mankhwala omwe amalimbikitsidwa kuchepa kwa zinthu amatchedwa Glucagon, Glucagon Novo.
Somatostatin, vaso-peptide, pancreatic polypeptide
Somatostatin
Somatostatin ndi chinthu chapadera, chimapangidwa ndi ma cell a delta a kapamba ndi hypothalamus.
The mahomoni amafunika poletsa kuphatikiza kwachilengedwe kapangidwe ka michere ya pancreatic, kutsika kwa glucagon, ndikulepheretsa zochitika zamagulu osakanikirana a mahomoni ndi serotonin ya mahomoni.
Popanda somatostatin, ndizosatheka kuyamwa mokwanira ma monosaccharides kuchokera m'matumbo aang'ono kulowa m'magazi, kuchepetsa kupanga kwa gastrin, kuletsa magazi kutuluka kwam'mimba, ndi peristalsis yam'mimba.
Vaso-Interior Peptide
Hormopeptide iyi imasungidwa ndi maselo a ziwalo zosiyanasiyana: kumbuyo ndi ubongo, matumbo ang'ono, kapamba. Mlingo wa zinthu zomwe zili m'magazi ndizochepa kwambiri, pafupifupi osasinthika mukatha kudya. Ntchito zazikuluzikulu za mahomoni ndizophatikiza:
- kutsegula kwa magazi mu m'mimba;
- kuletsa kumasulidwa kwa hydrochloric acid;
- kuthamanga kwa chimbudzi cha ndulu;
- kuletsa kwamadzi madzi ndi matumbo.
Kuphatikiza apo, pali kukondoweza kwa somatostatin, glucagon ndi insulin, kukhazikitsidwa kwa kupanga kwa pepsinogen m'maselo am'mimba. Pamaso pa pulogalamu yotupa m'matumbo, kuphwanya kwa kupanga kwa ma neuropeptide timayambitsa.
Chinthu chinanso chomwe chimapangidwa ndi gland ndi pancreatic polypeptide, koma mphamvu yake pakadalibe kuphunzira. Magetsi omwe amaphatikizidwa m'magazi a munthu wathanzi amatha kusiyanitsa 60 mpaka 80 pg / ml, kupanga mopitilira muyeso kumawonetsa kukula kwa zotupa mu gawo la endocrine la chiwalo.
Amylin, lipocaine, kallikrein, vagotonin, gastrin, centropein
Amylin ya mahomoni amathandizira kukhathamiritsa kuchuluka kwa monosaccharides, amalepheretsa kulowa kwa kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi. Udindo wa chinthu umawonetsedwa ndikupsinjiriza kwamphongo (anorexic athari), kusiya kupangidwa kwa glucagon, kumalimbikitsa mapangidwe a somatostatin, ndi kuwonda.
Lipocaine akutenga nawo gawo la activation wa phospholipids, makutidwe ndi okosijeni amafuta acid, amalimbikitsa mphamvu ya mankhwala a lipotropic, ndipo amakhala gawo loletsa kuperewera kwa mafuta m'thupi la chiwindi.
Horoni kallikrein imapangidwa ndi kapamba, koma osagwira mkati mwake, imayamba kugwira ntchito pokhapokha italowa duodenum. Imatsitsa glycemia, imathandizira kupsinjika. Kupangitsa hydrolysis ya glycogen mu chiwindi ndi minofu minofu, timadzi vagotonin amapangidwa.
Gastrin imasungidwa ndi maselo a gland, mucosa wam'mimba, ma cell ofanana ndi mahomoni amawonjezera acidity wa madzi a pancreatic, amachititsa mapangidwe a puloteni a proteinolytic pepsin, ndipo njira yogaya chakudya imabweretsa zachilendo. Imathandizanso kupanga matumbo a m'mimba, kuphatikizapo secretin, somatostatin, cholecystokinin. Ndizofunikira pakugaya kwamatumbo.
Zogulitsa mapuloteni a centropein:
- imakondweretsa malo opumirako;
- amakulitsa lumen mu bronchi;
- Amachita bwino mogwirizana ndi mpweya ndi hemoglobin;
- amachita bwino ndi hypoxia.
Pazifukwa izi, kuchepa kwa centropein nthawi zambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi kapamba ndi kusowa kwa erectile mwa amuna. Chaka chilichonse kukonzekera kwatsopano kwa mahomoni a pancreatic kumawonekera pamsika, kuwonetsedwa kwawo kumachitika, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zithetse zovuta zotere, ndipo amakhala ndi zotsutsana zochepa.
Ma hormone a pancreatic ali ndi gawo lofunikira pakukhazikitsa moyo wa thupi, chifukwa chake muyenera kukhala ndi lingaliro la kapangidwe ka thupi, kusamalira thanzi lanu, komanso kumvetsera kukhala bwino.
Pazithandizo za kapamba zimafotokozedwa muvidiyoyi.
