Kodi cholesterol ndi chiyani chochita ndi msinkhu wake wokwera?

Kodi cholesterol ndi chiyani? Cholesterol ndi chinthu china chomwe chimakhala m'gulu la ma alcohols. Pomanga pali mowa wachilengedwe wa polycyclic lipophilic.

Mu biochemistry, ndimakonda kuyitanitsa mankhwala awa, malinga ndi gulu lovomerezeka, cholesterol. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudzidwa pakukhazikitsa zochita zambiri zamtundu wa biosynthesis.

Kuchuluka kwa cholesterol yofunikira pakugwira bwino ntchito kwa ziwalo zonse zimapangidwa m'chiwindi ndi ziwalo zina. Gawo laling'ono la chinthuchi limalowa m'thupi monga gawo la chakudya chomwe chimamwa.

Mafuta a Lipophilic omwe amachokera kunja amatchedwa amkati, opangidwa m'chiwindi ndi ziwalo zina, amatchedwa exo native.

Thupi laumunthu palokha limapanga 80% ya mowa wa lipophilic wofunikira, ndipo 20% yokha imachokera kumalo akunja ndi chakudya. Pawiri pakupangika madzi samatha, koma amasungunuka m'mafuta.

Wachilengedwe udindo ndi biosynthesis

Udindo wamagulu ophatikizidwa am'thupi awa ndi ovuta kuwononga; amafunikira magwiridwe antchito ndi kukhazikitsa kwa moyo.

Cholesterol ndi gawo la membrane wa khungu, ndikupatsanso nyonga komanso kukhazikika chifukwa cha kuphatikizika kwa ma phospholipid mamolekyulu. Poterepa, gawo ili limasokoneza gawo lamadzi amadzi amadzimadzi a m'cell.

Cholesterol imakhala ndi tinthu tosiyanasiyana tomwe timayambitsa ma cell a sexid a sexid, monga testosterone ndi corticosteroids.

Kuphatikiza pa ntchitozi, zimaperekanso mavitamini a gulu D.

Pa izi, ntchito za lipophilic mowa sizitha, chinthu ichi:

1. imakhala kusankha kupezeka kwa plasma nembanemba maselo;
2. imateteza maselo ofiira m'magulu oyipa a hemolytic poizoni;
3. amatenga nawo mbali popereka mafupa am'mimba ndi zakudya, amatenga nawo gawo pazoyendetsa mapuloteni ena ndi zinthu zonyansa kuchokera ku maselo a minofu omwe amakhala osalowa madzi;
4. amatenga nawo kaphatikizidwe wa ma asidi a bile amene amathandizira kugaya.

Cholesterol biosynthesis ndi magulu azinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimatsimikizira kupangidwa kwa mowa wokhala ndi chilengedwe cha steroid.

Onse kaphatikizidwe zimachitika mu yosalala endoplasmic reticulum. Njirayi imapereka maziko pakupangidwe kwina kwachilengedwe kwachilengedwe kwa mtundu wa steroidal.

Magawo oyambilira a biosynthesis ndiofala ndi kuphatikizika kwa isoprenoids ena.

Zosintha zonse za chinthuchi zitha kugawidwa m'magawo akulu akulu:

• Kupeza ma galoni ofanana ndi ma cell atatu a acetate omwe amagwira ntchito.
• Kutembenuka kwa mevalonate kwa isoprenoid yogwira - isopentenylpyophosphate.
• Kaphatikizidwe ka mamolekyulu asanu ndi limodzi a isopentenyl pyophosphate isoprenoid squalene ophatikizana ndi ma atomu atatu a kaboni.
• Mapangidwe a mawonekedwe a cyclic. Panthawi imeneyi, squalene amatenga mawonekedwe a cyclic ndikusintha kukhala lanosterol.

Pa gawo lotsiriza la biosynthesis, lanosterol imasinthidwa kukhala cholesterol.

Mwa anthu, cholesterol yaulere ndi gawo la ma protein okhala ndi mamolekyulu amowa ndi mapuloteni othandizira. Ma complex omwe amatchedwa lipoproteins.

Mitundu yayikulu ya lipoprotein

Chifukwa chakuti cholesterol ndiyosamveka m'madzi, imatengedwa kupita ku maselo ngati gawo la zovuta zina zomwe zimakhala ndi mapuloteni ena onyamula a zinthuzi.

Ma complex omwe amatchedwa lipoproteins.

Lipoproteins amagawidwa mwaulere kapena madzi osungunuka komanso osapindulitsa, omwe ali aumbike.

Lipoproteins insoluble ndi gawo limodzi lamatumbo am'mimba ndi myelin sheath ya mitsempha yamitsempha.

Ma lipoproteins aulere ndi gawo limodzi la madzi am'magazi, ndi gulu lazinthu izi zomwe zimatsimikizira kuti mafuta amayendera.

Mawonekedwe onse a lipoproteins amagawidwa m'magulu angapo kutengera zomwe zili lipids pamapangidwe awo. Kukwera kwambiri kwa lipid, kumachepetsa kachulukidwe kazinthu zovuta

Mwa munthu pali mitundu ingapo yamitundu iyi.

Zomwe zikuluzikulu pazovuta izi ndi izi:

1. High Density Lipoproteins - HDL. Pulogalamuyo ili ndi zazikulu kuyambira 8 mpaka 11 nm. Mtundu wamavuto amtunduwu umakhala ndi zotengera ku cholesterol kuchokera ku zotumphukira kuzinthu zama cell.
2. Ma lipoproteins otsika kwambiri - LDL, ali ndi kukula kwa 18 mpaka 26 nm. Kapangidwe kazinthu kameneka kamakhala ndi kayendedwe ka cholesterol, triacylglycerides ndi phospholipids kuchokera ku maselo a chiwindi kupita ku maselo a zotumphukira zimakhala.
3. Ma lipoproteins apakati - LPP, ali ndi kukula kwa 25 mpaka 36 nm ndipo amayenda ndi lipophilic mowa ndi phospholipids kuchokera ku maselo a chiwindi kupita ku maselo am'mimba.
4. Ma lipoproteins otsika kwambiri - VLDLPs, ali ndi kukula kwa 30 mpaka 80 nm, kunyamula cholesterol ndi tracylglycerides kuchokera ku chiwindi kupita ku zotumphukira.
5. Ma Chylomicrons ndiwo amanyamula akuluakulu kwambiri, kukula kwawo kuyambira 75 mpaka 1200 nm. Izi zimapangitsa kuti mafuta azitulutsa mafuta am'mimba komanso chakudya.

Kupezeka kwa mgwirizano wosagwirizana pakati pa mapuloteni ndi lipids pakapangidwe kawo ndizofunikira. Kupezeka kwa mgwirizano wotere kumapereka kagayidwe ka lipid yaulere komanso kusintha kwa lipoproteins.

Zachilendo ndi zopatuka mu mafuta a cholesterol

Kuti likhale labwinobwino, kuchuluka kwa mowa wa lipophilic m'magazi a magazi kuyenera kusintha mosiyanasiyana.

Kwa cholesterol yathunthu, ndende yoyenera m'magazi iyenera kukhala kuchokera ku 3.0 mpaka 6.0 mmol / L.

Chizindikiro choyenera kwambiri chili m'munsi mwa 5.2 mmol / l, ngati chizindikirocho chimachokera ku 5.2 mpaka 6.2 mmol / l, ndiye kuti chimawerengedwa ngati chololeka kwambiri, chidziwitso pamwamba 6.2 mmol / l ndiwokwera.

Pazomwe zili LDL mu plasma, kutsata kwalandilidwa:

• pansipa 1.8 mmol / l - mulingo woyenera kwambiri kwa anthu omwe ali ndi chiopsezo chokhala ndi matenda amtima;
• pansipa 2.6 mmol / l - mulingo woyenera kwambiri kwa anthu omwe amadziwika ndi vuto lakumaso;
• 2.6-3.3 mmol / l - mtengo wokwanira;
• 3.4-4.1 mmol / l - Chizindikiro chovomerezeka kwambiri;
• 4.1-4.9 mmol / L - imawerengedwa kuti ndi yamtengo wapatali;
• mtengo wapamwamba 4.9 mmol / L - wambiri LDL mu plasma.

Mlingo wa HDL mwa amuna ndi akazi umasiyana pang'ono:

Chizindikiro choipa cha zomwe zili mu HDL m'madzi a m'magazi ndi:

1. Kwa amuna - osakwana 1 mmol / l.
2. Kwa akazi, ochepera 1.3 mol / L.

Otsatirawa amatengedwa ngati mankhwala abwinobwino:

• kwa amuna - 1,0-1.3 mmol / l;
• kwa akazi - 1.3-1.5 mmol / l.

1.6 mmol / L mwa amayi ndi abambo omwe amawerengedwa ngati zofunikira kwambiri za HDL mu plasma.

Mlingo wa lipids umatengera jenda, zaka komanso momwe alili.

Zotsatirazi zimakhudza zomwe zili mu lipid mwa akazi:

1. Nyengo ya chaka. Kutengera ndi nyengo ya chaka, gawo la mzimayi limatha kuchoka mbali imodzi kapena linzake ndi kuchuluka kwa 2-4%. Kuchulukitsa kumawonedwa munthawi yozizira. Kupatuka koteroko ndichinthu chabwinobwino.
2. Nthawi ya msambo. Mu gawo loyambirira la msambo, kupatuka kungakhale kuchokera pang'onopang'ono mpaka 10%. Kupatuka kotereku kumawonedwa ngati kwabwinobwino.
3. Nthawi yobereka mwana. Pamaso pa kutenga pakati, kuchuluka kwa lipid kumatha kuwonjezeka ndi 12-15% yazinthu zachilendo.
4. Kukhalapo kwa zotupa zoyipa kungachepetse kuchuluka kwa mowa wa lipophilic, womwe umalumikizidwa ndi kubereka kwambiri kwa maselo a khansa komanso kumwa mafuta m'thupi kuti amange ma cell.

Mzimayi akakwanitsa zaka 40-45 komanso kuchuluka kwa kubereka ana mthupi la mkazi, kuchepa kwa chiwerengero cha HDL komanso kuchuluka kwa LDL kumawonedwa.

Zomwezi zimawonedwa mwa amuna, pomwe pali kuwonjezeka kwa LDL ndi kuchepa kwa HDL.

Kusiyana ndikuti mu thupi laimuna, kuwonjezeka kwa cholesterol kumawonekera mpaka zaka 50. Ndipo atakwanitsa zaka zino, chizindikirocho chimayamba kutsika.

Zoyambitsa

Kupatuka muzotsatira zoyeserera kumatha kukhala kwamitundu iwiri - kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa cholesterol m'madzi am'magazi komanso kuchuluka kwake. Kutsitsa kumajambulidwa pafupipafupi. Poyerekeza ndi kuchuluka.

Hyperlipidemia imapezeka mu unyinji wa zopezeka.

Kutsika kwa lipoprotein kungawonedwe motere:

• kufa ndi njala kwa anthu komanso kusokonekera kwa mafuta chifukwa cha kukula kwa mavuto pakugwiritsa ntchito chimbudzi;
• kupangitsa munthu kuwotcha kwambiri, ndi kuyambitsa kwokhudzana ndi njira zopangira minofu;
• kuphwanya magwiridwe antchito a chithokomiro - hypothyroidism;
• kukula kwa thalassemia, megaloblastic anemia ndi myeloma;
• kukula kwa sepsis ndi matenda opatsirana;
• kukhalapo kwa oncological chidwi kapena kukula kwa kudwala matenda a chiwindi;
• kukhalapo kwa chifuwa chachikulu komanso matenda oopsa a kupuma.

Nthawi zina, pamakhala kuchepa kwa milingo ya lipid chifukwa chotenga estrogen ngati othandizira.

Kuwonjezeka kwa milingo ya lipid kumachitika potsatira izi:

1. Ndi kuchuluka kwa zakudya zomwe zili ndi mafuta a nyama ndi chakudya.
2. Anorexia manthaosa ikachitika.
3. Panthawi yobala mwana.
4. Mukazunzidwa ndi munthu wakhalidwe loipa monga kusuta, kumwa mowa.
5. Kukhazikika nthawi yayitali kapena kumakumana ndi mavuto.
6. Pankhani ya chitukuko cha matenda a pathological pakukhazikitsa metabolic zimachitikira.

Kuchuluka kwa cholesterol kumabweretsa kukula kwamavuto ambiri ndi ma pathologies omwe amachititsa kuti moyo wa munthu ubvutike, ngakhale imfa.

Zizindikiro zakukula kwa lipids m'thupi

Kukula kwa hypercholisterinemia sikuwonekeratu.

Kusakhalapo kwa chizindikiro chodziwika bwino cha kukula kwa hypercholesterolemia kumapangitsa kuti kupezeka kwa matenda azitsamba.

Wodwalayo amayamba kudandaula za kuwoneka kwa zizindikiro zina pomwe zam'madzi za lipid zili pamlingo wotalika, wopitilira nthawi yayitali, zomwe zimabweretsa kukula kwa ma pathologies osiyanasiyana mwa munthu yemwe amalumikizana ndi kuperewera kwa lipid metabolism.

Zizindikiro zazikulu za cholesterol yayikulu ndi izi:

• wodwala amakhala ndi ululu pachifuwa, matenda a mtima kapena matenda a mtima amatha kuchitika, omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa ziwiya zamagazi zamagazi, zomwe zimapereka chakudya komanso kupatsa mpweya kwa minofu ya mtima;
• pamaso pa kuchuluka kwa lipids kwambiri mwa amuna, kusabala komanso kusokonekera kwa erectile kumatha kuchitika chifukwa cha mapangidwe a cholesterol plaque m'mitsempha yomwe imadyetsa ziwalo;
• kukulitsa kwa atherosulinosis ndi matenda am'mimba - zovuta ndi ma pathologies omwe ndi oopsa m'moyo wa munthu;
• kuwonongeka chifukwa cha hypercholesterolemia malinga zotumphukira zotumphukira dongosolo, kufalikira matenda am'munsi malekezero a venous thrombosis ndi kupitirira kwa thrombophlebitis akhoza kupita patsogolo;
• chizindikiro chosadziwika cha kukhalapo kwa milomo yayitali kwambiri imatha kuoneka ngati kupweteka m'migawo yapansi, kuwonongeka kodziwika m'ntchito zokumbukira komanso mawonekedwe osasangalatsa komanso opweteka m'mbali yamtima.

Kuphatikiza pa zomwe zikuwonetsedwa, hypercholisterinemia imadziwika ndi kupezeka kwa mawonekedwe akunja.

Chimodzi mwazowonetsera izi ndikuwoneka wodwala wokhala ndi ziphuphu za lipoid corneal. Chizindikiro ichi chimadziwika ndi mabanja a hypercholisterinemia, omwe nthawi zambiri amawonetsedwa mwa odwala azaka pafupifupi 50.

Chowonetseranso china cha matenda a lipid metabolism ndi kupangika kwa xanthelasemas. Mitunduyi imawoneka ngati timinong'onoting'ono tofiirira. Malo achitetezo amtunduwu ndi epithelium ya eyel. Ndikothekanso kupanga xanthomas, omwe ndi mafupa a cholesterol omwe amakhala pamwamba pa tendons.

Mawonetseredwe akunja awa ndi mawonekedwe a njira yoopsa yamatenda.

Pharmacological chithandizo cha hypercholesterolemia

Njira yothandizira matenda amisempha imaphatikizanso kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana pokopa njira zamankhwala am'magazi zomwe zimapezeka mwa anthu.

Njira zoterezi zimathandizira kulimbitsa thupi, kusintha moyo wa wodwala. Kutsatira zakudya zapadera, komanso momwe zimakhudzira njira zamankhwala am'magazi potenga mankhwala apadera omwe amathandizira kuchotsa lipids owonjezera.

Pambuyo pakufufuza kwamunthu, adotolo, ngati kuli koyenera, amakupatsani kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala apadera a magulu osiyanasiyana a mankhwalawa.

Mitundu yodziwika bwino ya mankhwala omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza hypercholesterolemia ndi awa:

1. Madera Amaletsa kaphatikizidwe ka michere yomwe imakhudzidwa ndikupanga cholesterol. Gulu la mankhwalawa ndiwotchuka kwambiri. Kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwalawa kumatha kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa cholesterol yopindulitsa ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka koopsa. Mankhwala amakono a m'gululi amatha kuchepetsa milomo ya lipids wodwala m'magazi ndi 60%. Kuphatikiza apo, ma statins amachepetsa triglycerides. Njira zotchuka kwambiri za gululi ndi Mevacor, Baykol ndi Leskol.
2. Fidric acid - amathandizira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa triglycerides ndikuthandizira kukhatikiza kwa oxidation kwamafuta acids m'maselo a chiwindi. Gulu la mankhwalawa limaphatikizapo Atromed-S, Tricor ndi Lopid.

Kuphatikiza apo, ma pharmacological othandizira amagwiritsidwa ntchito omwe amapereka kumanga kwa bile acid ndikuchepetsa mphamvu ya kaphatikizidwe ka cholesterol m'maselo a chiwindi. Gulu la mankhwalawa limaphatikizapo Colistin ndi Questran.

Musanagwiritse ntchito ndalama zonsezi, muyenera kufunsa dokotala ndikuyezetsa, zomwe zimaphatikizapo kuyesa kwa lipids m'magazi am'magazi.

Kugwiritsa ntchito zakudya zamagulu a hypercholisterinemia

Cholinga chachikulu chogwiritsira ntchito chakudya chamafuta ndikuthana ndi chitukuko cha zovuta za atherosulinotic ndi kuchotsedwa kwa cholesterol yowonjezera. Zakudya zomwe zimadyedwa siziyenera kukhala ndi cholesterol. Kuphatikiza apo, kapangidwe kazinthu zopangidwa ndizoyenera kukhala ndizopezeka pang'ono zamoto.

Kuti muchepetse kuchuluka kwa cholesterol muzakudya, muyenera kuchepetsa kugwiritsa ntchito nyama zomwe zili ndi mafuta achilengedwe ambiri. Ndikofunikira kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa kudya kwa zakudya zamasamba zokhala ndi mafuta ochulukirapo a polyunsaturated mafuta m'zakudya.

Ndikofunikira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mchere womwe umadyeka m'zakudya.

Zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zakudya ziyenera kuphatikizapo kuchuluka kwa fiber.

Zinthu zothandiza mukamagwiritsa ntchito zakudya za hypolipidemic ndi:

• nsomba
• nyama yokonda;
• mtedza
• soya;
• chimanga ndi chinangwa;
• tiyi wobiriwira, antioxidant wamphamvu ndi chakumwa chomwe chimasintha kagayidwe ka lipid.

Ndikulimbikitsidwa kuti adyo wowonjezera azikhala ndi chakudya. Izi zimathandizira kuonda magazi komanso kupewa kupundika kwa magazi, ndipo izi zimathandizanso kuchuluka kwa cholesterol chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa alliin pakupanga kwake.

Njira zochizira hypercholisterinemia

Nthawi zambiri, matenda amtunduwu ndi mnzake wa kunenepa kwambiri kapena kunenepa kwambiri, kuphatikiza apo, matendawa amatha kubadwa.

Cholinga chachikulu cha mankhwalawa ndikuchepetsa lipids mu plasma yamagazi ndikusintha kukula kwa mafuta a cholesterol.

Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito yachiwiri yogwiritsa ntchito njira zina zochiritsira ndikuyeretsa dongosolo lamagazi a cholesterol komanso kukhazikitsa magazi abwinobwino.

Pamaso pa lipids zambiri, tikulimbikitsidwa kumwa zakumwa zopangidwa kuchokera ku zipatso za phulusa. Zakumwa zakumwa ziyenera kukonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito zotsekemera. Kuchuluka kwa zakumwa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito patsiku zikuyenera kukhala pazigawo zosaposa 300 magalamu.

Mutha kukonzekera monga njira yopangira malinga ndi mizu ya licorice yamaliseche. Pachifukwa ichi, magalamu 10 a zopangira amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Zinthu zosaphika zimathiridwa ndi madzi otentha ndikuwotcha mumadzi osamba pansi pa chivindikiro chotsekedwa kwa mphindi 40.

Chochita chokonzedweracho chimasefa ndi keke yofinya. Ndikulimbikitsidwa kutenga decoction ya 15 ml patsiku kasanu. Njira ya chithandizo ndi masiku 10. Pamapeto pa maphunzirowo, nthawi yopuma imapangidwa, ndipo ngati pangafunika, ibwerezedwa.

Mutha kumwa mafuta okwanira 20 magalamu a mankhwalawa m'mawa popanda kanthu. Kutalika kwa mankhwalawa ndi masiku 40 ndi masiku 20. Kuchiza ndi mafuta opendekeka kwakutali. Koma chida ichi ndichothandiza kwambiri ndipo chimagwira ntchito pang'onopang'ono.

Kuti muchepetse matenda a cholesterol, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito muzu wa turmeric wautali. Kuyambira 1 mpaka 6 magalamu a mankhwala amayenera kudyedwa tsiku lililonse.

Chithandizo cha hypercholesterolemia ndi njira zina ziyenera kuchitika pokhapokha atakambilana ndi adokotala komanso kuwunika kuphatikizapo kuyeza mulingo wa lipids m'magazi am'magazi ndi kuyeza magawo a mbiri ya lipid.

Mukamapereka chithandizo, ndikulimbikitsidwa kuchititsa mayeso kamodzi pa miyezi isanu ndi umodzi. Ngati ndi kotheka, atawunika, adokotala anganene njira ya hemodialysis.

Chilichonse chokhudza cholesterol chikufotokozedwa mu kanema m'nkhaniyi.