Udindo wamafuta apakhungu m'thupi

Ziwalo zonse zapansi ndi gawo limodzi la thupi la munthu ndizolumikizana, ndipo ntchito yawo imadalira kuchuluka kwa mahomoni.

Zina mwazinthu izi zimapangidwa mu kapamba ndipo zimakhudza njira zambiri zofunika.

Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwamahomoni omwe amapangidwa ndi thupi, ntchito za endocrine ndi exocrine zimachitika.

Maselo a pancreatic ndi zinthu zomwe amapanga

Zikondwererozi zimakhala ndi magawo awiri:

• exocrine kapena exocrine;
• endocrine.

Mayendedwe akuluakulu a momwe thupi limagwirira ntchito:

• endocrine malamulo a thupi, omwe amapezeka chifukwa cha kuphatikiza zinsinsi zambiri;
• chimbudzi cha chakudya chifukwa cha ntchito ya michere.

Kukalamba kwa thupi kumapangitsa kuti thupi lizisintha mthupi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mgwirizano pakati pa ziwalo zake.

Gawo la exocrine limaphatikizapo lobules yaying'ono yomwe imapangidwa kuchokera ku pancreatic acini. Awo ndiye ma membala ofunika kwambiri a ziwalo.

Kapangidwe ka acini kamayimiriridwa ndi ma ducts ang'onoang'ono okhudzana, komanso magawo omwe amagwira omwe amapanga michere yambiri:

• trypsin;
• chymotrypsin;
• lipase;
• amylase ndi ena.

Gawo la endocrine limapangidwa kuchokera ku ma pancreatic islets omwe ali pakati pa acini. Dzina lawo lachiwiri ndi zisumbu za Langerhans.

Iliyonse ya maseloyi imakhala ndi vuto lopanga zinthu zina zogwira ntchito:

1. Glucagon - amapangidwa ndi maselo a alpha. Zimakhudza chiwopsezo cha glycemia.
2. Insulin. Maselo a Beta ndi amene amachititsa kuti pakhale mahomoni ofunika ngati amenewo. Insulin imathandizira kugwiritsa ntchito shuga owonjezera ndipo imasunga kuchuluka kwake mwazotheka m'magazi.
3. Somatostatin. Amapangidwa ndi ma cell a D. Ntchito yake imaphatikizapo kugwirizanitsa ntchito zachinsinsi komanso zamkati za gland.
4. Vasoactive matumbo peptide - Imapangidwa chifukwa cha kugwira ntchito kwa maselo a D1.
5. Pancreatic Polypeptide. Kupanga kwake kumaphatikizidwa m'gawo la maselo a PP. Imawongolera njira ya katulutsidwe ka bile ndipo imalimbikitsa kusinthana kwa zinthu zama protein.
6. Gastrin ndi somatoliberinomwe ali gawo la ma cell a gland. Zimakhudza mtundu wamadzi am'mimba, pepsin ndi hydrochloric acid.
7. Lipocaine. Chinsinsi chotere chimapangidwa ndi maselo amiyendo ya chiwalo.

Limagwirira a mahomoni zochita ndi ntchito

Kufunika kwa thupi pakukula kwachilengedwe kwa mahomoni ofanana ndikofunikira ndi mpweya ndi zakudya.

Ntchito zawo zazikulu:

1. Kusintha kwa maselo ndi kukula.
2. Chilichonse mwazinthu izi zimakhudza kusinthana ndi kulandira mphamvu kuchokera kuzakudya zomwe zalandira.
3. Kusintha mulingo wa calcium, glucose ndi zinthu zina zofunika kufufuza zomwe zili m'thupi.

Thupi la mahomoni C-peptide ndi gawo la molekyulu ya insulini, munthawi yomwe limalowa mkati mwa ziwalo zozungulira, ndikudzilekanitsa ndi khungu lomwe limachokera. Kutengera ndi kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zili m'magazi, mtundu wa matenda a shuga, kupezeka kwa ma neoplasms ndi ma cell a chiwindi amapezeka.

Kuchuluka kwambiri kapena, mosiyana, kusowa kwa mahomoni kumabweretsa kukula kwa matenda osiyanasiyana. Ichi ndichifukwa chake ndikofunikira kuwongolera kaphatikizidwe kazinthu zotere.

Glucagon

Chinsinsi ichi chimakhala malo achiwiri kwambiri pakati pa mahomoni a kutulutsa. Glucagon amatanthauza ma polypeptides otsika kwambiri. Muli 29 amino acid.

Magulu a glucagon amawonjezeka chifukwa cha kupsinjika, shuga, matenda, impso zowonongeka, komanso kuchepa chifukwa cha michere yam'mimba, kapamba, kapena chifuwa cha pancreatic.

Katswiri wotsogola wa chinthu ichi ndi proglucagon, yemwe ntchito yake imayamba motsogozedwa ndi michere ya proteinolytic.

Matupi omwe amakhudzidwa ndi glucagon:

• chiwindi;
• mtima
• minofu yolimba;
• minofu ya adipose.

Ntchito za Glucagon:

1. Zimawonjezera kukwezedwa kwa kusweka kwa glycogen m'maselo omwe amapanga minofu ya mafupa ndi hepatocytes.
2. Zimalimbikitsa kuchuluka kwa shuga wa seramu.
3. Imalepheretsa glycogen biosynthesis, kupanga malo osungira a mamolekyulu a ATP ndi chakudya.
4. Amaphwanya mafuta osaloledwa omwe amapezeka m'mafuta omwe amatha kukhala ngati mphamvu, komanso amasintha kukhala matupi ena a ketone. Ntchito yotere ndiyofunika kwambiri ku matenda ashuga, chifukwa kuperewera kwa insulin nthawi zambiri kumalumikizidwa ndi kuwonjezeka kwa ndende ya glucagon.

Zotsatira zomwe zaphatikizidwa ndi polypeptide zimathandizira kukwera msanga kwa mfundo zamagazi.

Insulin

Hormone iyi imawonedwa ngati chinthu chachikulu chogwira ntchito chachitsulo. Kukula kumachitika mosalekeza, mosasamala kanthu za chakudya. Kuchuluka kwa glucose kumakhudza insulin biosynthesis. Mamolekyu ake amatha kulowa momasuka m'maselo a beta, ndikupanga makutidwe ena ochulukirapo ndikupangitsa kuti pakhale kuchuluka kwa ATP.

Chifukwa cha njirayi, maselowo amawalipiritsa ma ayoni abwino chifukwa cha mphamvu yomwe yatulutsidwa, motero amayamba kutulutsa insulini.

Zotsatirazi zimathandizira kuti pakhale mahomoni ena:

1. Kuwonjezeka kwa shuga m'magazi.
2. Kudya chakudya komwe kumakhala chakudya chamagulu ochepa.
3. Zotsatira za mankhwala ena.
4. Amino zidulo.
5. Kuchuluka kwa calcium, potaziyamu, komanso kuchuluka kwamafuta acid.

Kutsika kwa kuchuluka kwa mahomoni kumachitika motsutsana ndi maziko a:

• owonjezera somatostatin;
• kutsegula kwa alpha adrenergic zolandilira.

Ntchito:

• imayendetsa metabolic njira;
• imayendetsa glycolysis (kusokonezeka kwa shuga);
• mitundu yamagalimoto ochulukirapo;
• amalepheretsa kaphatikizidwe ka shuga;
• imayambitsa mapangidwe a lipoproteins, ma asidi apamwamba;
• imalepheretsa kukula kwa ma ketoni, kumakhala ngati poizoni wa thupi;
• amatenga nawo mbali pakukula kwa mapuloteni;
• imaletsa kulowa kwa mafuta acids m'magazi, potero kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha atherosulinosis.

Kanema wokhudza ntchito ya insulin mthupi:

Somatostatin

Zinthu ndi mahomoni a dongosolo la hypothalamic-pituitary, ndipo malinga ndi mawonekedwe ake, ali mu polypeptides.

Ntchito zawo zazikulu:

1. Kuletsa kwa bioproducts kumasula mahomoni a hypothalamus, omwe amachititsa kuchepa kwa kapangidwe ka thyrotropin. Izi zimathandiza magwiridwe antchito a chithokomiro komanso kubereka, zimathandizanso kagayidwe.
2. Imachepetsa mphamvu ya ma enzyme.
3. Imachepetsa kupanga mitundu ingapo ya mankhwala, kuphatikizapo insulin, glucagon, serotonin, gastrin ndi ena ambiri.
4. Imachepetsa kufalikira kwa magazi m'malo omwe ali kumbuyo kwa peritoneum.
5. Imachepetsa glucagon.

Polypeptide

Chinsinsi chimakhala ndi ma amino acid a 36. The secretion ya mahomoni imapangidwa ndi maselo okhala ndi malo kapamba mu mutu, komanso zigawo za endocrine.

Ntchito:

1. Amachepetsa ntchito chifukwa kuchepa mu ndende ya trypsin, komanso ma enzyme ena omwe ali mu duodenum.
2. Zimakhudza gawo komanso magawo a glycogen opangidwa m'maselo a chiwindi.
3. Amamasula minofu ya ndulu.

Kuwonjezeka kwa mahomoni kumachitika motsogozedwa ndi zinthu monga:

• kusala kudya kwanthawi yayitali;
• zakudya zama protein
• zolimbitsa thupi;
• hypoglycemia;
• dongosolo la m'mimba dongosolo.

Kutsika kumachitika chifukwa cha kuyambitsa kwa shuga kapena motsutsana ndi maziko a somatostatin.

Gastrin

Izi zimagwira osati pancreas, komanso m'mimba. Muwulamuliro wake, pali zinthu zonse zomwe zimagwira ntchito pakukumba. Kusokera pakupanga kwake kwachulukirachulukira kusagwira ntchito kwa m'mimba thirakiti.

Zosiyanasiyana:

1. Gastrin yayikulu - ili ndi ma amino acid anayi.
2. Micro - imakhala ndi ma amino acid 14.
3. Zocheperako - 17 amino acid ali munthawi yake.

Mitundu ya mayeso a mahomoni

Kuti muwone kuchuluka kwa mahomoni, kuyesa kosiyanasiyana kumachitika:

1. Kuzindikira awiriawiri. Kuyesedwa kwa magazi kumachitika osati kungodziwa zinthu zomwe zimapangidwa mu ziwalo, komanso kumveketsa bwino zomwe zikuwonetsa mu mahomoni a pituitary.
2. Kuyesa kwa kukondoweza, kutanthauza kuyambitsa zinthu zomwe zimayambitsa kutseguka kwa ziwalo zomwe zakhudzidwa. Kusakhalapo kwa kukula kwa mahomoni kumatanthauza kukulitsa kuwonongeka kwa chiwalo palokha.
3. Mayeso opondereza, omwe akuphatikizira kuyambitsa kwa ma gland blockers m'magazi. Kutembenuka mu ntchito ya gland motsutsana ndi kumbuyo kwa zomwe zachitika kuti ziwonetsere zimawonetsa kusintha kwa kuchuluka kwa mahomoni.
4. Biochemistry, yomwe imakupatsani mwayi kuti muwone milingo yazizindikiro zambiri, kuphatikizapo calcium, potaziyamu, chitsulo.
5. Kuyesa kwa magazi kwa ma enzymes.

Kuphatikiza pa mayeso omwe ali pamwambawa, mayeso owonjezera amatha kuperekedwa kwa wodwala, kukulolani kuti mupange kuzindikira koyenera (ultrasound, laparotomy ndi ena).