Kuwongolera kagayidwe kakang'ono ka glucose kumaphatikizapo kusungabe malire ake mkati mwa malire ena osakanikirana ndi mphamvu yakuthengo kuchokera kwina ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kosalekeza ndi maselo a thupi.
Carbohydrate iyi ndiye njira yofunika kwambiri pakuwongolera kagayidwe kachakudya; pakusintha kwake, pafupifupi mamolekyulu 40 a ATP amamasulidwa.
Mwa munthu wamkulu wathanzi, kuchuluka kwa monosaccharide m'mwazi kumakhala kuchokera 3,3 mmol / L mpaka 5.5 mmol / L, koma kusinthasintha kwakukulu kumatha kuchitika masana. Izi ndichifukwa cha zolimbitsa thupi, kudya, zaka komanso zinthu zina zambiri.
Kodi ndende zimayendetsedwa bwanji? Ndi mahomoni ati omwe amayambitsa shuga? Nthambi yonse ya sayansi yamankhwala ikuyankha mafunso awa.
Chifukwa chake, kwakhala kokhazikika kuti insulini wodziwika bwino ndiwongolimbitsa umodzi mu orchestra yayikulu. Pali ma peptides mazana angapo omwe amatha kudziwa kuthamanga kwa njira ya metabolic komanso kuchuluka kwa shuga omwe amapezeka.
Ziphuphu zakumaso
Ma mahomoni omwe amadziwika kuti ali ndi contra-mahormone amakhala zinthu zofunikira kwachilengedwe zomwe zimasunga kuchuluka kwa shuga mkati mwa chakudya komanso panthawi yowonjezera ya metabolic (kukula, kuchita masewera olimbitsa thupi, matenda).
Mwa mahomoni ofunikira kwambiri amatha kudziwa:
- glucagon;
- adrenaline
- cortisol;
- norepinephrine;
- kukula kwa mahomoni (kukula kwa mahomoni).
Kutsika kwa glucose
Pakusintha ndi kusinthasintha kwa chilengedwe, thupi la munthu lapanga njira zambiri zokulitsira msanga kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.M'zaka za zana la 21, kunalibe chifukwa chothawira chimbalangondo kapena kusaka nyama, kuti asafe ndi njala.
Mashopu ogulitsa zinthu zikuluzikulu amaphulika ndi zakudya zopezeka mosavuta.
Nthawi yomweyo, pali njira imodzi yokhayo mthupi yotsitsira shuga - insulin.
Chifukwa chake, dongosolo lathu la hypoglycemic silitha kuthana ndi nkhawa zambiri. Ichi ndichifukwa chake matenda ashuga asintha kwambiri kukhala m'nthawi yathu ino.
Insulin
Insulin ndi gawo lofunikira kwambiri mu cell ya glucose metabolism. Amapangidwa ndi maselo a beta omwe amapezeka muzilumba za Langerhans za kapamba.
Insulin imatulutsidwa m'mitsempha yamagazi m'magazi ikadzatuluka ndi zomwe zimadziwika kuti machitidwe a mayankho. Hormone iyi imapangitsa maselo a chiwindi kusinthira monosugar kukhala glycogen ndikuisunga m'njira yopanga mphamvu yayikulu.
Kupanga kwa insulin
Pafupifupi 2/3 ya minyewa yathupi imapangidwa monga yomwe imatchedwa insulin-kudalira. Izi zikutanthauza kuti glucose sangathe kulowa mu maselo popanda kuyimira mahomoni awa.
Pamene insulin imamangiriza ku GLUT 4 receptors, njira zina zotseguka komanso mapuloteni onyamula zimayambitsa. Chifukwa chake, glucose amalowa mu cell, ndikusintha kwake kumayamba, magawo omaliza ake omwe ndi madzi, kaboni dayokisaidi ndi ma cell a ATP.
Matenda a shuga ndi matenda omwe amayamba chifukwa cha kusowa kwa insulin chifukwa cha kapamba, chifukwa chake glucose sangathe kulowa m'maselo. Kuchuluka kwa shuga ndende kumakhala ndi poizoni m'thupi, kumapangitsa zovuta mu mawonekedwe a matenda a shuga ndi neuropathy.
Mpaka pano, palibe njira zabwino zochizira matendawa zomwe zidapangidwa, kupatula chithandizo chamankhwala ndi insulin, chomwe chomwe ndikutulutsa kwa mahomoni amtunduwu ndi syringe kapena pampu yapadera.
Glucagon
Ngati kuchuluka kwa glucose kumagwera pazowopsa (pochita masewera olimbitsa thupi kapena pakudwala), maselo a pancreatic alpha amayamba kupanga glucagon, mahomoni omwe amachititsa njira zowonongera glycogen mu chiwindi, potero amawonjezera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.
Njira ya metabolic iyi imatchedwa glycogenolysis. Glucagon imalepheretsa kukula kwa zinthu zam'magazi pakati pa chakudya, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti gawo lake limakhalapo bola ngati pali malo ogulitsira a glycogen m'chiwindi.
Makampani opanga mankhwala amatulutsa timadzi timeneti mu njira yothetsera jakisoni. Anayambitsidwa kwambiri hypoglycemic chikomokere.
Adrenaline
M'mabuku akunja, nthawi zambiri amatchedwa epinephrine.
Nthawi zambiri amapangidwa ndi ma adrenal gland komanso minyewa yamitsempha.
Imagwira gawo lofunikira poteteza komanso kusintha kachitidwe ka zinthu, kuwonjezera magazi m'misempha, kulimbikitsa kutulutsa kwamtima ndi kukulitsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi.
Monga mankhwala, imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza zinthu zambiri zadzidzidzi: kumangidwa kozungulira, anaphylaxis, nosebleeds. Itha kukhala yoyenera kuyimitsa kuukira kwa bronchospasm, komanso mu zochitika za hypoglycemic.
Cortisol
Cortisol ndi timadzi tero tero timene timatulutsa timadzi timene timatulutsa timadzi tomwe timayambitsa matenda a hypothalamic-pituitary.
Imalowa mkati mwa nembanemba ya cell ndikuchita mwachindunji pamitsempha. Chifukwa chake, momwe zimakhudzira kusindikiza kwa majini komanso kutsata njira ya metabolic zimakwaniritsidwa.
Poyankha pazinthu zosiyanasiyana zakunja ndi zamkati, kuphatikizapo kutsitsa shuga, magazi a gluconeogenesis amayamba. Chofunikira chake ndikutembenuza kwa mapuloteni ndi mafuta kukhala glucose ndikupanga mphamvu mu mawonekedwe a ATP. Nthawi yomweyo, insulin synthesis imapanikizika, yomwe imatha kuyambitsa ma cell a pancreatic beta komanso kukula kwa matenda a shuga a steroid.
Mu transplantology, adalembedwa kupondaponda njira za autoimmune. Ngakhale zili ndi zabwino zonse, zosagwirizana ndi zosafunikira zingayambitse zovuta zingapo.
Kukula kwamafuta
Kukula kwa mahomoni kumayendetsa kubwezeretsa kwa maselo, kumayendetsa kagayidwe ka mapuloteni, mafuta ndi chakudya.Imapangidwa ndikujambulika mu gamba lanyama lakunja.
Mwa chibadwa chake, somatostatin ndiwosasintha (wopsinjika), zomwe zikutanthauza kuti ndi kukhudzika kwina kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa shuga ndi triglycerides m'magazi.
Ndizosangalatsa kuti somatostatin mu 1980 adaletsedwa kuti azigwiritsa ntchito othamanga, chifukwa atatha kutero pali kuwonjezeka kwakukulu kwa kupirira ndi minofu.
Mahomoni a chithokomiro
Gland ya chithokomiro imapanga mahomoni awiri - thyroxine ndi triiodothyronine. Maphatikizidwe awo amafunikira ayodini. Chitani pafupifupi pafupifupi thupi lonse, zolimbikitsa njira za kukula ndi kusinthika.
Onjezani kuchuluka kwa shuga ndi triglycerides.
Pamapeto pake, kuthana kwantchito kwa michere yopanga mphamvu zochulukirapo kumayamba. Muzochita zamankhwala, mkhalidwe wowonjezera chithokomiro umatchedwa thyrotooticosis. Imawonekera mu mawonekedwe a tachycardia, hyperthermia, ochepa matenda oopsa, kuchepa thupi, kunjenjemera kwa malekezero ndi kusokonekera.
Hypothyroidism ili ndi zizindikiro zotsutsana, monga kunenepa kwambiri, hypoglycemia, kutsika kutentha kwa thupi, komanso kuchepa kwa njira zamaganizidwe. Thyroxine m'malo mankhwala amagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiza.
Makanema okhudzana nawo
Zisanu mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimakhudza shuga:
Matenda a shuga ndikuphwanya kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa glucose wokhazikika, ndikuwonongeka kwa kagayidwe kazinthu kakang'ono ka mapuloteni, mafuta ndi zinthu zina. Chifukwa, mwachitsanzo, pamene monosugar sangathe kulowa m'selo, imatumiza chizindikiro kuti ikufa ndi njala.
Kuwonongeka kwa minofu ya adipose kumayamba, kuwonjezeka kwa milingo ya triglycerides ndi matupi a ketone, omwe pamapeto pake amachititsa kuledzera (matenda ashuga ketoacidosis). Ngati munthu ali ndi vuto la ludzu losalekeza, chilakolako chambiri, kuchuluka kwamkodzo tsiku lililonse, ichi ndi chifukwa chabwino kukaonana ndi endocrinologist.
