Cholesterol, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti cholesterol, ndi mowa wama cyclic lipophilic (wamafuta) okwera kwambiri, omwe ndi amodzi mwa mbali zazikuluzikulu za membrane wam'maselo, chitsogozo chofunikira kwambiri cha ma enzymes a bile acids, mahomoni, mavitamini, ndi metabolite yoyamba ya thupi.
Zambiri mwa izo - mpaka 80 peresenti - zimapangidwa mosiyanasiyana, ndiko kuti, mkati mwa thupi, ndipo 20% yotsalayi ndi gawo la chakudya chomwe anthu amadya, kukhala gwero lachilendo.
Kusinthana kwa cholesterol m'thupi la munthu, motero, kumayamba ndi mfundo ziwiri - kupanga kwake m'chiwindi, impso, matumbo, kapena ndikalandiridwa kuchokera kunja.
Synthesis biochemistry imakhala ndi njira zingapo zofunika zomwe zimafotokozedwa mwachidule monga:
- Kapangidwe ka acetyl-coenzyme-A (apa ndi Acetyl-CoA) pokonza mafuta metabolism.
- Kaphatikizidwe ka mevalonate (mevalonic acid). Pakadali pano, kuwonetsedwa kwa insulin, zinthu zokhudzana ndi chilengedwe cha chithokomiro, glucocorticoids ndizotheka.
- Chokwanira, mapangidwe squalene. Tsopano biochemical precursor ndiyopanda madzi ndipo imasamutsidwa ndi mapuloteni apadera.
- Isomerization, kutembenuka kwa lanosterol kukhala cholesterol. Ichi ndiye chida chomaliza chomenyera nkhondo yoposa makumi awiri.
Kuzungulira dzina "cholesterol" kuyambira pomwe amapezeka, pali malingaliro ambiri, owona komanso opanda choonadi.
Chimodzi mwazomwe akunenazi ndichakuti chimavulaza thupi la munthu, ndipo mavuto onse amthupi amathandizana ndi mafuta komanso kumwa kwambiri.
Izi siziri choncho. Pazinthu zokhudzana ndi kukhudzidwa kwa phula ili pamoyo wa anthu, njira yokhazikitsidwa ndi sayansi ndiyofunika. Lolani atherosclerosis kukhala mliri wa zaka makumi awiri ndi chimodzi (zimadziwika kuti ndi chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa kufa kuchokera ku mtima wamatenda mu makumi asanu ndi atatu mphambu asanu a milandu). Ndipo chinthu chachikulu pakupezeka kwake ndi chilema pakusinthana kwa cholesterol, ndikofunikira kulingalira za chinthu chomwechi ngati othandizira tizilombo, chifukwa muzu wazoyipa suli pakudya izi, koma mwanjira yosiyana kotheratu.
Kuyendetsa kolesterol ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi thupi
Metabolism ya klesterol imayamba pambuyo poti inakanidwa kapena kupangidwa mkati mwa thupi.
Pambuyo pakuphatikizika ndi kuyamwa m'matumbo, cholesterol imasamutsidwa ndi mipira ya protein yomwe imatchedwa chylomicrons. Amaloleza zinthu zopanda madzi kuti ziziyenda momasuka kudzera m'magazi.
Kutumiza kwa lipids kumachitika ndi mitundu yoyendera ya mapuloteni - lipoprotein a magulu osiyanasiyana.
Zinthu izi zimaphatikiza cholesterol ndi zinthu zake zama metabolic kuti zitha kupitilizidwa kudzera mu mtima kupita kuma deposits amafuta, kapena kaphatikizidwe kazinthu zina zomwe zimagwira thupi.
Amasiyana pakachulukidwe - LDL (low density lipoproteins), VLDL ndi HDL (otsika kwambiri komanso otsika kwambiri, motero).
Ngakhale kukhalabe osamala pakati pa mitundu iyi yonyamula, metabolite sikuvulaza thupi, chifukwa chilichonse chimagwira ntchito yake.
LDL imasindikiza gawo lapansi kupita ku lysosomes kwa cleavage kapena ku endoplasmic reticulum maselo, kuphatikizapo khoma lamitsempha.
HDL ili ndi udindo wochotsa zinthu zomaliza za kagayidwe kake - triglycerides - mu chiwindi kapena minofu kuti ikonzenso.
Kuwongolera kwa njiraku ndi njira zonse, ndiye kuti, metabolites imapikisana motsutsana momwe kuphatikizirana kovuta kukufikira.
Kuphatikiza apo, choyambitsa chachikulu cha matenda onse okhudzana ndi cholesterol chimayesedwa ngati chisokonezo m'mayendedwe ake. Ndi mphamvu ya LDL, mafuta onse amaikidwa mu mtima endothelium, omwe amatsogolera ku atherosulinosis, thromboembolism, ndi matenda ena a mtima dongosolo.
Ngati ndalama zitha kusungidwa, ndiye kuti kuchuluka kwazinthu zonse kumayendetsedwa kuti zikwaniritse ntchito zake zazikulu:
- Mapangidwe a bile acids. Ndiwo gawo la bile ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito kutsitsa mafuta azakudya, ndikutsatira kwawo.
- Monga chiwongolero cha mamasukidwe akayendedwe a cell, imatha kusintha kusakanikirana kwa zigawo za monomeric za ma phospholipids a membrane, zomwe zimatanthawuza kukhudzidwa kwazomwe zimapangitsa kuti membrane wam'mimba azitulutsa komanso kutsata zomwe zimalowa mkati ndi zomwe zimatsalira kunja.
- Cholesterol ndiye gwero lokha lophatikizira mahomoni amtundu wa adrenal gonads ndi gonads (inde, mahomoni onse ogonana amapangidwa kuchokera pamenepo)
- Vitamini D3, yofunikira pakulimba kwa mafupa ndikuyamwa koyenera kwa calcium, imapangidwa pakhungu mothandizidwa ndi radiation ya ultraviolet kuchokera ku dzuwa ndendende ndi mafuta m'thupi.
- Kuteteza maselo ofiira a magazi ku hemolysis, kusungunuka.
Makhalidwe abwinobwino m'mayeso amwazi am'magazi amtunduwu zimatanthauzanso zomwe zili lipoproteins zamitundu ingapo yomwe ilimo.
Malinga ndi World Health Organisation, zizindikiro zotsatirazi ndizomwe zimayambira serum cholesterol:
- pazonse (zosagwirizana) - 4.2-7.7;
- LDL - 2.2-5.2;
- HDL - 1-2.3 mmol / L.
Kutsimikiza kosalekeza kwa izi, njira zomwe zimatengedwa pamlingo wovuta ndizofunikira kuti mukhale ndi thanzi labwino.
Kodi cholesterol ndiyabwino bwanji?
Mwachidziwikire, kusowa kwa cholesterol kumakhala koopsa kuposa kuchuluka kwake. Kupatula apo, ndikuwongolera moyenera thupi lanu, kupezeka kwa atherosulinosis kungapewedwe mosavuta.
Chikhulupiriro chofala chokhudza kuopsa kwa cholesterol sichinthu chongopeka chabe.
Kulumikizana kwakukulu pakukula kwa atherosulinosis ndi zovuta zake ndizinthu zowopsa, m'malo kuchuluka kwa zinthu zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Izi ndi monga:
- Mavuto amtundu wa endocrine homeostasis (mtundu wachiwiri wa matenda ashuga, matenda oopsa a mahomoni a cortical wosanjikiza kwa adrenal gland ndi vuto la chithokomiro)
- Kusuta. Kuwunika kwa kafukufuku wapadziko lonse kunawonetsa kuti chiopsezo cha atherosulinosis mwa omwe amasuta chimawonjezeka kanayi.
- Kunenepa kwambiri, kudya kwambiri chakudya chamafuta ambiri - ngakhale osadya kolesterolo konse, koma kukhala ndi thupi mopambanitsa komanso kusamva bwino, atherossteosis ingadzakuwonongereni. Kuphatikiza pa izi ndikuphwanya kugona ndi kudzutsa, kudya kosakhazikika, kudya mwachangu komanso kusachita masewera olimbitsa thupi, tili pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kupuma mtima.
- Maantibayotiki. Chofunikira kwambiri pakuyang'anira ndi microflora yakumbuyo yamatumbo amunthu, yomwe imakhudzanso zochita za kagayidwe kachakudya ndi kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zowola mkodzo ndi ndowe. Kugwiritsa ntchito maantibayotiki kumayambitsa kuwonongeka kwa biocenosis wamkati, kuwonongeka kwa maluwa ndi kukhumudwa kwakukulu pakugwiritsa ntchito cholesterol, chifukwa chake amadziwikanso m'matumbo, ndikupanga poizoni.
Atherosclerosis pamaso pa izi zowopsa zimatha kukula mthupi ngakhale kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe sizikhala ndi cholesterol yochuluka pakupanga kwawo.
Malinga ndi kafukufuku, azinyama omwe amakhala ndi masamba osiyanasiyananso amatha kusintha mapuloteni amanyama ndi ndiwo zamasamba, amadwala chifukwa chosowa mafuta azinyama.
Kusakhazikika kwa nembanemba kwamaselo kumayambitsa cytolysis ya hepatocytes ndi hemolysis yama cell ofiira a m'magazi.
Zingwe zam'mitsempha ndizoposa theka lopangidwa ndi myelin, mafuta omwe amapanga momwe cholesterol imapangidwanso. Chifukwa chake, mavuto ndi dongosolo lamanjenje, othandizira komanso othandizira kufalitsa komanso kulumikizana kwamkati mwa kapangidwe ka ubongo ndizotheka.
Kuperewera kwamahomoni kosakwanira kumayambitsa kusokonezeka kwa homeostasis, chifukwa manyozo amachepetsa, amachita pang'onopang'ono, amachita thupi lonse.
Kodi mungapewe bwanji chitukuko cha matenda amtima?
Gwero lalikulu lamafuta ndi chakudya. Zomwe zili kwambiri mu ubongo wa nyama ndi impso, mazira, caviar, batala, nyama yamafuta.
Ndizoyenera, kugwiritsa ntchito zakudya zilizonse zopatsa mphamvu kwambiri, koma matendawo amapezekanso mwa anthu omwe ali ndi cholesterol yokhazikika. Kuti mupewe izi, ndipo ngati ndi kotheka, sinthani njira za metabolic, ndikofunikira kulingalira zinthu zomwe zili pamwambapa ndikuziwongolera pogwiritsa ntchito njira zomwe zilipo.
Kukhudzidwa kwa thupi kumalimbikitsidwa kuti kuyamba ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zolimbitsa thupi komanso kusintha kwa zakudya. Njira imeneyi imawoneka yovuta, koma posachedwa thupi limazolowera zakudya zina zatsopano, imathandizira kagayidwe kazinthu ndipo zimakhala zovuta kwambiri kuti mafupa a atherosulinotic apange.
Njira yabwino yothandizira matupi athupi ndikuthamanga komanso kuyenda mu mpweya watsopano.
Zakudya zomanga thupi zimathandizanso kufulumizitsa njira zama metabolic, chifukwa chake nkofunika kudya pang'ono, koma nthawi zambiri. Mwina simuyenera kuchepetsa zomwe mumadya. Nthawi zina, kuchuluka kwa chakudya kumathandizanso.
Muyenera kuphika mwanjira yatsopano, simuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mafuta a mpendadzuwa kangapo mzere, muyenera kudya mafuta ochepa, mafuta a kanjedza monga gawo la zonunkhira (ndibwino kuti moyo ukhale wabwino ndi zipatso, chokoleti ndi uchi), margarine osavomerezeka.
Mowa wochepa wa prophylactic umatsuka m'magazi, chifukwa Mowa ndi organic solvent. Pachifukwa ichi, mutha kugwiritsa ntchito vinyo wofiyira pang'ono pazakudya zochepa.
Kusuta ndiye mwala wapamtima wamtima ndi matenda amitsempha. Wosuta ayenera kudziwa kuopsa kogwiritsa ntchito mankhwala osokoneza bongo.
Pofuna kusintha momwe kagayidwe kachakudya kamare mthupi, tikulimbikitsidwa kukambirana ndi banja kapena kupita kwa asing'anga.
Ngati mukufunikira kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa mafuta, madokotala amatha kukupatsani mankhwala oyenera ndipo atha kuyang'anira thanzi lanu.
Momwe masinthidwe a metabolid a lipid akufotokozedwera mu kanema m'nkhaniyi.
