Anthu akhala akupanga komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zina zothandizidwa ndi shuga kuyambira kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za m'ma 1900. Mpaka pano, mikangano sinathere, zakudya zothandizirazi ndi zovulaza kapena zothandiza. Zambiri mwazinthu izi sizovulaza kwathunthu, ndipo nthawi yomweyo zimapereka chisangalalo m'moyo. Koma pali zotsekemera zomwe zimatha kuyipitsa thanzi, makamaka ndi matenda a shuga. Werengani nkhani iyi ndipo mumvetsetsa kuti ndi ma shuga ati omwe angagwiritsidwe ntchito, ndipo ndi ati omwe siabwino. Siyanitsani pakati pa zotsekemera zachilengedwe komanso zopanga.
Zokoma zachilengedwe:
- xylitol;
- sorbitol;
- fructose;
- stevia.
Zokometsera zonse "zachilengedwe", kupatula ma stevia, ndizopatsa mphamvu zambiri. Kuphatikiza apo, sorbitol ndi xylitol ndizokoma ka 2,5 kuposa shuga wapa tebulo wamba
mukamagwiritsa ntchito, zopatsa mphamvu ziyenera kukumbukiridwa. Odwala omwe ali ndi kunenepa kwambiri komanso mtundu wa matenda a shuga a 2 samalimbikitsidwa, kupatula stevia.
Zopangira zotsekemera:
- Asipere;
- saccharin;
- cyclamate.
Xylitol
Mwa kapangidwe kake ka mankhwala, xylitol ndi mowa wa atomiki 5 (pentitol). Amapangidwa kuchokera ku zinyalala zopangira matabwa ndi kupanga ulimi (ma cobs). Ngati titenga kukoma kokoma kwa shuga wamba (beet kapena nzimbe) pachinthu chilichonse, ndiye kuti kutsekemera kwa xylitol kuyandikira shuga - 0,9-1.0. Mtengo wake wamagetsi ndi 3.67 kcal / g (15.3 kJ / g). Zinafika kuti xylitol ndi wokhathamira wapamwamba kwambiri.
Ndi ufa wamakristali wamtundu woyera wokhala ndi kakomedwe kokoma kopanda kulawa, ndikumapangitsa kuzizwa pakulankhula. Imasungunuka m'madzi. M'matumbo, sichingatengeke kwathunthu, mpaka 62%. Amakhala ndi choleretic, mankhwala ofewetsa matendawa komanso - kwa odwala matenda ashuga - antiketogennymi zochita. Kumayambiriro kwa kugwiritsidwa ntchito, pomwe thupi silikugwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso ngati mankhwala osokoneza bongo, xylitol imatha kuyambitsa mavuto ena mwa odwala omwe ali ndi mseru, kutsegula m'mimba, etc. Mlingo wambiri watsiku ndi tsiku ndi -45 g, osakwatiwa - 15 g.
Sorbitol
Ndi mowa wa ma atomiki 6 (hexitol). Chofanana ndi sorbitol ndi sorbitol. Imapezeka m'mazipatso ndi zipatso zachilengedwe, phulusa lamapiri limakhala lambiri mkati mwake. Popanga, shuga amapangidwa ndi makutidwe ndi okosijeni. Sorbitol ndi ufa wamakedzana osakhala ndi utoto wokoma popanda chowonjezera chowonjezera, chosungunuka kwambiri m'madzi komanso chosagwirizana ndi kuwira. Kutheka kokwanira pokhudzana ndi shuga "lachilengedwe" kumachokera ku 0,48 mpaka 0.54. Mtengo wamagetsi - 3.5 kcal / g (14.7 kJ / g). Sorbitol ndi wokhathamira wapamwamba kwambiri.
Amakamizidwa m'matumbo kawiri pang'onopang'ono kuposa shuga. Imagwira m'chiwindi osatenga nawo insulin, pomwe imapangidwira ndi enzyme sorbitol dehydrogenase 1-fructose, yomwe imaphatikizidwa ndi glycolysis. Sorbitol ali ndi choleretic komanso mankhwala ofewetsa thukuta. Kusintha shuga ndi sorbitol m'zakudya zanu kumachepetsa kuwola kwa mano. Kumayambiriro kwa ntchito, pomwe thupi silikugwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, izi zimatha kuyambitsa chisokonezo, mseru, kutsekula m'mimba. Mlingo wapamwamba wa tsiku ndi tsiku ndi 45 g, mlingo umodzi ndi 15 g.
Pangani
Fructose imagwirizana ndi shuga wa zipatso, shuga. Ndi monosaccharide kuchokera pagulu la ketohexoses. Ndi gawo limodzi la ma polysaccharides ndi oligosaccharides. Imapezeka m'chilengedwe mu zipatso, zipatso, uchi, timadzi tokoma. Fructose imapezeka ndi acidic kapena enzymatic hydrolysis ya sucrose kapena fructosans. Fructose ndiwotsekemera kuposa shuga wokhazikika ndi nthawi 1,3-1.8, mtengo wake wopatsa mphamvu ndi 3,75 kcal / g. Ndi ufa woyera, wosungunuka m'madzi, ukusintha pang'ono pomwe katundu wake.
M'matumbo, fructose imalowa kwambiri pang'onopang'ono kuposa glucose, imawonjezera masitolo a glycogen mu minofu, ndipo imakhala ndi antiketogenic. Amadziwika kuti m'malo mwake ndi shuga muzakudya kumabweretsa kutsika kwakukulu pakukula kwa caries. Zotsatira zoyipa mukamagwiritsa ntchito fructose, nthawi zina zimangodziwika zokha. Fructose amaloledwa zochuluka mpaka 50 g patsiku kwa odwala omwe ali ndi shuga kapena chifukwa cha hypoglycemia chifukwa cha mpumulo wake.
Yang'anani! Fructose imawonjezera shuga m'magazi! Tengani mita ija mudzionere nokha. Sitipangira izi kugwiritsa ntchito matenda ashuga, monga zotsekemera zina "zachilengedwe". Gwiritsani ntchito zotsekemera zotengera m'malo mwake.
Osagula kapena kudya "zakudya za shuga" zomwe zimakhala ndi fructose. Kugwiritsa ntchito kwazinthuzi limodzi ndi hyperglycemia, kukula kwa kuwonongeka kwa matenda ashuga. Fructose imapangidwa pang'onopang'ono ndipo simalimbikitsa kutulutsa insulin. Komabe, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kumawonjezera chidwi cha maselo a beta ku glucose ndipo kumafunikira chinsinsi cha insulin.
Pali malipoti osokoneza bongo a fructose pa lipid metabolism komanso kuti glycosylates mapuloteni mwachangu kuposa glucose. Zonsezi zimapangitsa kuti asavomereze kufalikira kwafalikira kwa chakudya cha odwala. Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga amaloledwa kugwiritsa ntchito fructose pokhapokha amalipiritsa matenda abwino.
Kuperewera kwachilendo kwambiri kwa epuctose diphosphataldolase enzyme kumayambitsa fructose tsankho - fructosemia. Vutoli limadziwikika mu odwala ndi mseru, kusanza, machitidwe a hypoglycemic, jaundice. Fructose ndiwotsutsana kwathunthu mwa odwala.
Stevia
Stevia ndi chomera kuchokera ku banja la Asteraceae, lina lomwe mayina ake ndi okoma. Dziko lakwawo la stevia ndi Paraguay ndi Brazil, komwe lakhala likugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zotsekemera kwazaka zambiri. Pakadali pano, stevia yakopa chidwi cha asayansi ndi akatswiri azaumoyo padziko lonse lapansi. Stevia imakhala ndi ma calorie glycosides ochepera.
Mafuta ochokera ku masamba a stevia - saccharol - ndi mtundu wa glycosides woyeretsedwa kwambiri. Ndi ufa woyera, sungunuka m'madzi, suthana ndi kutentha. 1 g wa stevia Tingafinye - sucrose - ndi ofanana kukoma kwa 300 g shuga. Kukhala ndi kukoma kokoma, sikumapangitsa kuchuluka kwa shuga mumagazi, kulibe mphamvu.
Kafukufuku woyeserera komanso maphunziro azachipatala sanawonetse zoyipa m'mabuku a stevia. Kuphatikiza pa kuchita ngati zotsekemera, ofufuza amawona zotsatirapo zake zabwino: hypotensive (kutsitsa magazi), kukodzetsa pang'ono, antimicrobial, antifungicidal (motsutsana ndi bowa) ndi zina.
Stevia amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ufa wa tsamba la stevia (uchi stevia). Itha kuwonjezedwa kuzakudya zonse komwe shuga amagwiritsidwa ntchito, mu confectionery. Supuni 1/3 ya stevia ufa imafanana ndi supuni 1 ya shuga. Kukonzekera kapu imodzi ya tiyi wokoma, tikulimbikitsidwa kuthira supuni 1/3 ya ufa ndi madzi otentha ndikusiya kwa mphindi 5 mpaka 10.
Kulowetsedwa (kukhazikika) kumatha kukonzedwa kuchokera ku ufa: supuni 1 ya ufa imathiridwa mu kapu yamadzi otentha ndikuwotha m'madzi osamba kwa mphindi 15, utakhazikika firiji ya firiji, kusefedwa. Kulowetsedwa kwa Stevia kumawonjezeredwa kwa ma compotes, tiyi, mkaka kuti mulawe.
Aspartame
Ndi aspartic acid ester dipeptide ndi L-phenylalanine. Ndi ufa woyera, wosungunuka m'madzi. Ndiosakhazikika ndipo imataya kakomedwe kake nthawi ya hydrolysis. Aspartame imakhala lokongola nthawi 150-200 kuposa sucrose. Mtengo wake wowerengeka ndiwosasinthika, chifukwa ndizochepa kwambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa aspartame kumalepheretsa kutulutsa kwamano. Ikaphatikizidwa ndi saccharin, kukoma kwake kabwino kumalimbikitsidwa.
Aspartame imapangidwa pansi pa dzina la Slastilin, mu piritsi limodzi lokhala ndi 0,018 g yothandizira. Mlingo wotetezeka wa tsiku lililonse wa aspartame ndi wokwera kwambiri - mpaka 50 mg / kg thupi. Contraindified mu phenylketonuria. Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda a Parkinson, komanso odwala matenda osowa tulo, matenda oopsa, matenda oopsa, matenda a m'mimba, amayamba kuyambitsa zochitika zosiyanasiyana zamitsempha.
Saccharin
Amachokera ku sulfobenzoic acid. Mchere wake wama sodium oyera umagwiritsidwa ntchito, ufa umasungunuka m'madzi. Kukoma kwake kumatsatiridwa ndi kununkhira kowawa pang'ono, komwe kumachotsedwa ndikuphatikizira kwa saccharin ndi dextrose buffer. Pakuphika, saccharin imapeza kukoma kowawa, kotero imasungunuka m'madzi ndipo yankho limawonjezedwa ku chakudya chomalizidwa. 1 g ya saccharin okometsera amafanana ndi 450 g shuga.
Monga sweetener wogwiritsidwa ntchito pafupifupi zaka 100 ndipo amamveka bwino. M'matumbo, 80 mpaka 90% ya mankhwalawa imatengedwa ndikuwunjikana kwambiri m'misempha pafupifupi ziwalo zonse. Choyikirapo chachikulu chimapangidwa mu chikhodzodzo. Ichi ndi chifukwa chake khansa ya chikhodzodzo imayamba kupezeka mwa nyama zoyesera ndi saccharin. Komabe, kafukufuku wotsatira wa American Medical Association apangitsa kuti mankhwalawa athe kukonzanso, kuwonetsa kuti sivulaza anthu.
Tsopano akukhulupirira kuti odwala popanda kuwonongeka kwa chiwindi ndi impso amatha kudya saccharin mpaka 150 mg / tsiku, piritsi limodzi lili ndi 12-25 mg. Saccharin imachotsedwa m'thupi kudzera mu impso mu mkodzo osasinthika. Hafu ya moyo wake wamwazi ndi yochepa - mphindi 20-30. 10-20% ya saccharin, osalowetsedwa m'matumbo, amawachotsa ndowe zosasinthika.
Kuphatikiza pa kufooka kwamthupi, saccharin imadziwika kuti imatha kuponderezera kukula kwa khungu. M'mayiko ena, kuphatikiza Ukraine, saccharin sagwiritsidwa ntchito mwa njira yawoyera. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito pocheperako limodzi ndi zotsekemera zina, mwachitsanzo, 0,004 g wa saccharin ndi 0,04 g wa cyclamate ("Tsukli"). Pazipita tsiku lililonse la saccharin ndi 0,0025 g pa 1 kg ya kulemera kwa thupi.
Zonda
Ndi mchere wa sodium wa cyclohexylaminosulfate. Ndi ufa wotsekemera komanso kununkhira pang'ono, wosungunuka bwino m'madzi. Cyclamate imakhala yokhazikika mpaka kutentha 260 ° C. Imakhala yokoma kwambiri nthawi 30-25 kuposa sucrose, ndipo pamankhwala omwe amakhala ndi ma organic acid (mwachitsanzo, timadziti), timatulutsa 80 nthawi. Nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito pophatikizika ndi saccharin (mulingo woyenera ndi 10: 1, mwachitsanzo, wogwirizira wa Tsukli). Mlingo wotetezeka ndi 5-10 mg patsiku.
40% yokha ya cyclamate imalowetsedwa m'matumbo, pambuyo pake, monga saccharin, imadzaza mu minofu ya ziwalo zambiri, makamaka mu chikhodzodzo. Ichi ndichifukwa chake, chimodzimodzi ndi saccharin, cyclamate idapangitsa zotupa za chikhodzodzo mu nyama zoyesera. Kuphatikiza apo, gonadotoxic zotsatira zinaonedwa poyeserera.
Tidatchula dzina lokoma kwambiri. Pakalipano, pali mitundu yonse yatsopano yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito pochiza matenda a shuga ndi kashiamu wotsika kapena zakudya zama carb otsika. Malinga ndi zakumwa, stevia imatuluka pamwamba, ndikutsatira mapiritsi osakanikirana ndi cyclamate ndi saccharin. Tiyenera kudziwa kuti zotsekemera sizinthu zofunika kwa wodwala yemwe ali ndi matenda ashuga. Cholinga chawo chachikulu ndikukwaniritsa zomwe wodwala ali nazo, kusintha zakudya zomwe angakhale nazo, komanso kufikira kwa thanzi la anthu athanzi.
