Zofunikira zonse za thupi zimayendetsedwa ndi mahomoni. Zomera zawo za endocrine zimapangidwa. Potere, chindende chachikulu kwambiri ndi kapamba. Iye samangotenga nawo gawo pazakudya, komanso amagwiranso ntchito za endocrine. Ma pancreatic mahomoni opangidwa ndi maselo ake ndi ofunikira kwa njira yokhazikika ya metabolism.
Makhalidwe wamba
Ntchito yayikulu ya kapamba ndikupanga ma pancreatic enzymes. Imayang'anira ndi thandizo lawo njira za chimbudzi. Amathandizira kuphwanya mapuloteni, mafuta ndi chakudya chamagulu omwe amabwera ndi chakudya. Kuposa 97% ya ma cell a gland ndi omwe amapanga ntchito yawo. Ndipo pafupifupi 2% yokha ya voliyumu yake imakhala ndi ziwalo zapadera, zotchedwa "zilumba za Langerhans." Ndi gulu laling'ono la maselo omwe amapanga mahomoni. Masango awa amapezeka ndendende pancreas yonse.
Ma cell a endocrine gland amatulutsa mahomoni ena ofunikira. Ali ndi kapangidwe kapadera komanso mathupi. Magawo awa a gland komwe mabwalo a Langerhans amapezeka alibe zimbudzi. Mitsempha yambiri yokha, pomwe mahomoni adalandira mwachindunji, amawazungulira. Ndi mitundu yambiri ya kapamba, masango awa a endocrine maselo nthawi zambiri amawonongeka. Chifukwa cha izi, kuchuluka kwa mahomoni omwe amapangidwa amathanso kuchepa, zomwe zimakhudza kwambiri mkhalidwe wamthupi.
Kapangidwe ka zisumbu za Langerhans ndi kopambana. Asayansi adagawa maselo onse omwe amapanga mitundu inayi ndikuzindikira kuti iliyonse imapanga mahomoni ena:
- pafupifupi 70% yama voliyumu am'midzi ya Langerhans amakhala ndi ma cell a beta omwe amapanga insulin;
- m'malo wachiwiri ndizofunikira maselo a alpha, omwe amapanga 20% ya izi, amapanga glucagon;
- Maselo a Delta amatulutsa somatostatin, amapanga malo ochepera 10% a malo omwe kuli masisamba a Langerhans;
- koposa zonse, pali maselo a PP omwe ali ndi udindo wopanga pancreatic polypeptide;
- Kuphatikiza apo, pang'ono, gawo la pancreas limapanga mahomoni ena: gastrin, thyroliberin, amylin, c-peptide.
Zambiri mwa zisumbu za Langerhans ndi maselo a beta omwe amapanga insulin
Insulin
Ichi ndiye maholide akuluakulu apachifinya omwe ali ndi vuto lalikulu la metabolism ya carbohydrate m'thupi. Ndiye amene amachititsa kuti shuga azikhala wamphamvu komanso kuchuluka kwake kwa maselo osiyanasiyana. Sizokayikitsa kuti munthu wamba, kutali ndi mankhwala, amadziwa zomwe ma kapamba amapanga, koma aliyense amadziwa za mbali ya insulin.
Hormoni iyi imapangidwa ndi ma cell a beta, omwe ndi ochuluka kwambiri kuzilumba za Langerhans. Sipangidwa kwina kulikonse m'thupi. Ndipo munthu akamakalamba, maselo amenewa amafa pang'onopang'ono, motero kuchuluka kwa insulin kumachepa. Izi zitha kufotokozera kuti chiwerengero cha anthu odwala matenda a shuga chikuwonjezereka ndi zaka.
Hemeni wa insulin ndi phula mapuloteni - polypeptide yochepa. Sipangidwa mopitilira chimodzimodzi. Zimathandizira kupanga kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Inde, popanda insulin, glucose sangatengeredwe ndi maselo a ziwalo zambiri. Ndipo ntchito zake zazikulu ndizotsimikizika kuti tifulumizitse kusamutsidwa kwa mamolekyulu a shuga m'maselo. Iyi ndi njira yovuta, yoonetsetsa kuti glucose sapezeka m'magazi, koma amafika pomwe amafunikira - kuwonetsetsa momwe maselo amagwirira ntchito.
Kuti muchite izi, insulin imagwira ntchito yabwino:
- Zimathandizira kuwonjezeka kwa chiwerengero cha ma receptor enieni pamitsempha yama cell yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi shuga. Zotsatira zake, kupezeka kwawo kumawonjezeka, ndipo glucose amalowa mosavuta.
- Amayendetsa michere yomwe imakhudzidwa ndi glycolysis. Umu ndi momwe makutidwe ndi okosijeni ndi kuwonongeka kwa glucose. Zimachitika pamlingo wokwera m'magazi ake.
- Imapondanso mahomoni ena omwe zochita zawo zimayendetsedwa ndikupanga shuga mu chiwindi. Izi zimapewa kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwake m'magazi.
- Amapereka shuga kwa minofu ndi mafuta, komanso ma cell a ziwalo zosiyanasiyana.
Koma insulini imangokulitsa shuga. Zonse zokhudza thupi zimadalira. Zowonadi, kupatula kuti amapereka ziwalo mwamphamvu, amatenganso mbali machitidwe ena ofunikira. Choyamba, kukulitsa kupezeka kwa membrane wa maselo, insulin imapereka mchere wambiri wa potaziyamu, magnesium ndi phosphorous. Ndipo koposa zonse, chifukwa cha izi, maselo amalandila mapuloteni ambiri, ndipo kuwonongeka kwa DNA kumachepetsa. Kuphatikiza apo, insulin imayang'anira kagayidwe ka mafuta. Imalimbikitsa kupangika kwa gawo lochepetsa mafuta ndipo kumalepheretsa kulowa kwa zinthu zosweka zamafuta kulowa m'magazi. Zimathandizanso kaphatikizidwe ka RNA, DNA ndi ma acid.
Insulin imayang'anira shuga
Glucagon
Ichi ndiye chachiwiri chofunikira kwambiri cha pancreatic. Amatulutsa maselo a alpha, omwe amakhala pafupifupi 22% mwa kuchuluka kwa zilumba za Langerhans. Mwapangidwe, imafanana ndi insulin - imakhalanso ndi polypeptide yochepa. Koma ntchitoyo imachita chimodzimodzi. Sizimachepetsa, koma zimachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi, ndikulimbikitsa kutuluka kwake kuchokera malo osungira.
Pancreas amabisa glucagon pamene kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi kumachepera. Kupatula apo, iyo, limodzi ndi insulin, imalepheretsa kupanga kwake. Kuphatikiza apo, glucagon synthesis imawonjezeka ngati pali matenda m'magazi kapena kuwonjezeka kwa cortisol, ndikulimbitsa thupi kowonjezereka kapena kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni.
Glucagon imagwira ntchito zofunika mthupi: imathandizira kuti glycogen iwonongeke komanso kutulutsa shuga m'magazi. Kuphatikiza apo, zimathandizira kuwonongeka kwa maselo amafuta ndikugwiritsa ntchito kwawo ngati mphamvu. Ndipo kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, glucagon amatulutsa kuchokera ku zinthu zina.
Hormoni iyi ilinso ndi ntchito zina zofunika:
- bwino magazi mu impso;
- amachepetsa cholesterol;
- kumapangitsa kuthekera kwa chiwindi kukonzanso;
- imalepheretsa kukula kwa edema, chifukwa amachotsa sodium m'thupi.
Zinthu ziwirizi ndi zomwe zimapangitsa kuti shuga azikhala bwino, koma mosiyanasiyana. Chifukwa chake, kusowa kwawo, komanso zochulukirapo, kumatha kubweretsa kusokonezeka kwa metabolic komanso kuwoneka kwa ma pathologies osiyanasiyana. Mosiyana ndi insulin, kupanga kwa glucagon sikungokhala kwa kapamba. Homoni imeneyi imapangidwanso m'malo ena, monga matumbo. 40% yokha ya glucagon imapangidwa ndi maselo a alpha.
Ndikulimbitsa thupi kwambiri, kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumatsika, ndipo kapamba amathandizira kupanga glucagon
Somatostatin
Ichi ndichinthu china chofunikira kwambiri cha pancreatic. Ntchito zake zimatha kumveka kuchokera ku dzinali - zimayimitsa kapangidwe ka mahomoni ena. Somatostatin imapangidwa osati ndi ma pancreatic cell. Magwero ake ndi a hypothalamus, ma cell ena amitsempha, komanso ziwalo zogaya chakudya.
Somatostatin ndiyofunikira pakapangidwa mahomoni ena ambiri, zomwe zimabweretsa zovuta zosiyanasiyana mthupi. Imachepetsa njira zina, imalepheretsa kupanga mahomoni ena kapena ma enzyme. Ngakhale mphamvu ya somatostatin imangokhudza ziwalo zogaya ndi kagayidwe kazinthu, gawo lake ndi lalikulu kwambiri.
Hormoni iyi imagwira ntchito zotsatirazi:
Kupanga kwa insulin mthupi- amachepetsa kupanga shuga;
- Imachepetsa kusintha kwa chakudya chodyedwa kuchokera m'mimba kupita m'matumbo;
- amachepetsa ntchito ya madzi am'mimba;
- linalake ndipo tikulephera katulutsidwe ka bile;
- Imachepetsa kupanga ma pancreatic Enzymes ndi gastrin;
- amachepetsa kuyamwa kwa shuga m'mazakudya.
Kuphatikiza apo, somatostatin ndiye gawo lalikulu lamankhwala ambiri ochizira zolephera zina za mahomoni. Mwachitsanzo, imathandizira kuchepetsa kuphatikizira kwa mahomoni ambiri okula.
Pancreatic Polypeptide
Palinso ma horoni osafunikira kwenikweni a pancreatic, omwe amapangidwa pang'ono. Chimodzi mwa izo ndi pancreatic polypeptide. Zinapezeka posachedwa, motero ntchito zake sizinafufuzidwe bwino. Hormoni iyi imapangidwa kokha ndi kapamba - maselo ake a PP, komanso m'miyendo. Amabisala ndikamadya chakudya chamafuta ambiri kapena mafuta, ndimphamvu zolimbitsa thupi, kufa ndi njala, komanso ndi hypoglycemia.
Asayansi azindikira kuti mwa anthu onenepa kwambiri pali kusowa kwa pancreatic polypeptide
Mahoroniwa amalowa m'magazi, kupanga ma enzymes a pancreatic kumatsekedwa, kumasulidwa kwa bile, trypsin ndi bilirubin kumachepetsedwa, komanso kupumula kwa minofu ya ndulu. Likukhalira kuti pancreatic polypeptide imapulumutsa ma enzymes ndikuletsa kutayika kwa bile. Kuphatikiza apo, amawongolera kuchuluka kwa glycogen m'chiwindi. Amadziwika kuti ndi kunenepa kwambiri komanso ma metabolic ena a metabolic, kusowa kwa timadzi timeneti kumawonedwa. Ndipo kuwonjezeka kwa msinkhu wake kungakhale chizindikiritso cha matenda osokoneza bongo kapena zotupa zamagetsi.
Kuchepa kwa mahormone
Njira zotupa ndi matenda ena a kapamba angawononge ma cell omwe ma mahomoni amapangidwa. Izi zimabweretsa kuwoneka kwa ma pathologies osiyanasiyana ogwirizana ndi zovuta zama metabolic. Nthawi zambiri, ndi hypofunction ya maselo a endocrine, kusowa kwa insulin kumawonedwa ndipo matenda a shuga amayamba. Chifukwa cha izi, kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi kumakwera, ndipo sangathe kumizidwa ndi maselo.
Pozindikira matenda a endocrine pancreatic pathologies, kuyezetsa magazi ndi mkodzo wogwiritsa ntchito shuga. Ndikofunika kwambiri kufunsa dokotala kuti amupimitse pokayikira pang'ono pakamwa. Kutsimikiza kosavuta kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi sikuti nthawi zonse kumasonyeza kukula kwa shuga. Ngati matendawa akuwakayikira, kuyesa kwa biochemistry, kuyesa kwa glucose ndi zina zimachitika. Koma kupezeka kwa shuga mumkodzo ndi chizindikiro cha matenda oopsa.
Kuperewera kwa mahomoni ena a pancreatic ndizochepa. Nthawi zambiri izi zimachitika pamaso pa zotupa zomwe zimadalira mahomoni kapena kufa kwa maselo ambiri a endocrine.
Zikondwererozi zimagwira ntchito zofunika kwambiri mthupi. Sangopereka chakudya chabwinobwino. Ma mahomoni omwe amapangidwa ndi maselo ake amafunika kusintha kuchuluka kwa shuga ndikuwonetsetsa kuti kagayidwe kazachilengedwe kali.
