Matenda a shuga ndi matenda ofala omwe amakhudza anthu azaka zilizonse komanso amuna ndi akazi. Muyenera kukhala ndi lingaliro lazowona zizindikiro ndi njira zomwe zimayang'aniridwa ndi matendawa.
Njira zodziwitsira zaupangiri zimapangitsa kuti ayambe kulandira chithandizo choyenera kuti athe kuchepetsa zotsatirapo zoyipa za matenda oopsawa.
Mwa kuchita mwadongosolo njira zochizira, odwala amatha kukhala ndi moyo kwa nthawi yayitali. Kwa gulu lina la anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga, jakisoni wokhazikika wa insulin amasonyezedwa.
Kodi insulin ndi chiyani
Insulin ndi mahomoni apadera omwe amakhudzidwa ndi kayendetsedwe kazinthu zambiri zamthupi. Kuti mudziwe chithandizo chomwe chingapindulitse munthu, ndikofunikira kuti amvetsetse momwe amagwirira ntchito insulin mkati mwa thupi, kapangidwe kake kapena biosynthesis, mfundo zoyenera kuchita pa lilime lililonse.
Makamaka, ndikofunikira kuwulula:
- mawonekedwe amagetsi omwe amapezeka ndi insulin,
- Mitundu ya mankhwala omwe ali ndi mahomoni awa,
- zofunika za insulin
- njira zoyambira
- zifukwa zakufunikira kwawunikidwe mwatsatanetsatane mkhalidwe wamunthu.
Insulin imapangidwa mwachilengedwe m'thupi la munthu. Mukamadya chakudya, chakudya chamafuta chimasinthidwa ndimagazi amwazi. Insulin ndiye wothandizira wamphamvu mthupi. Homoni amapangidwa mu kapamba.
Hormayo ili ndi gawo lofunikira pakupanga glucose, makamaka, mapangidwe ake osungirako. Pamodzi ndi insulin, mahomoni ena, mwachitsanzo, amylin ndi glucagon, amatenga nawo mbali pa njirayi.
Insulin imagwira ntchito ngati chothandizira masinthidwe amomwe thupi limapangira. Hormone iyi imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri: kusintha kwa shuga m'magulu osiyanasiyana ndi minyewa, ndikuisandutsa glycogen.
Kuperewera kwa insulin kungayambitse matenda ashuga. Zizindikiro zake zazikulu ndi:
- kukodza kwambiri (malita 6-10 patsiku),
- ludzu losalekeza
- hyperclycemia boma
- ketonemia
- kuchuluka kwa mapuloteni,
- kuchepa kwakukulu kwa kuchuluka kwa glycogen yomwe ili m'matumbo ndi chiwindi.
- lipidemia (kuchuluka kwamafuta m'magazi),
- glucosuria.
Insulin imathandizira kapangidwe ka glycogen, kuletsa kusintha kwa amino acid kukhala glucose. Izi zikufotokozera kufunika kwa kubayira insulin nthawi yomweyo munthu atakhala kuti watanganidwa ndi zolimbitsa thupi.
Mwa zina, insulin imakhudzidwa ndikupereka ma amino acid ku maselo, omwe amachititsa mafupa apamwamba kwambiri. Koma nthawi zina timadzi timeneti timakhudza thupi la munthu. Izi zikuwonetsedwa mu mawonekedwe a triglycerides, omwe ali mu minofu ya adipose. Chifukwa chake mafuta osunthika amakula.
Ichi ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zazikulu zoyipa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pakugwiritsa ntchito timadzi timeneti.
Zotsatira za insulin pa kagayidwe kachakudya
Njira za insulin zochita pa thupi zimasiyana malinga ndi njira ya metabolic yomwe imaganiziridwa. Ndiye kuti, timadzi timene timalumikizana ndi glucose metabolism.
Ngati kuchuluka kwa insulin m'magazi sikokwanira, ndiye kuti glucose sangalowe m'maselo a minofu. Potere, thupi limalandira mphamvu zonse kuchokera ku oxidation yamafuta acids.
Pazinthu zochuluka kwambiri, ma membala am'magazi amatha kukhalanso ovomerezeka kwa glucose ngakhale kuchuluka kwa insulin m'magazi ndikochepa kwambiri.
Insulin ili ndi gawo lalikulu pama metabolic metabol. Ndiye transmembrane receptor yomwe imayendetsedwa ndi insulin yomwe ili ndi ntchito yofunika mu gluostose homeostasis.
Ngati homeostasis ikalakwika, imakhala yodziwika ndi matenda osakhazikika, kuphatikizapo khansa ndi matenda ashuga. Kuphatikiza apo, muyenera kuyang'anira chiwindi makamaka. Thupi limasunga shuga m'thupi.
Glucose imatha kumasulidwa m'maselo a chiwindi zikafunika koyamba. Insulin imayambitsa kaphatikizidwe kazinthu zomwe zimatchedwa glycolysis enzymes (phosphofrodinase, hexokinase ndi pyruvate kinase). Popanda iwo, njira yogawa glucose ikadakhala yosatheka.
Mapuloteni omwe amapezeka ndi chakudya amawagawa kukhala amino acid ofunikira, momwe ma protein awo amaphatikizidwanso ndi thupi. Njira yokhazikika ya njirayi imatha kuchitika pokhapokha ngati gawo la insulin lipezeka. Hormone iyi imapereka ma acid ambiri.
Insulin imakulanso kwambiri kuchuluka kwa zolemba za DNA, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti RNA ipangidwe. Chifukwa chake, insulin imakhudza kapangidwe ka mapuloteni m'thupi la munthu.
Insulin imagwira nawo kwambiri lipid metabolism, makamaka pamlingo wa lipogenesis, ndiko kuti, kapangidwe ka mafuta acids.
Enzyme ya lipogenis imatha kukhala yogwira ntchito limodzi ndi gawo la insulin. Ngati mahomoniwa kulibe, ndiye kuti sipadzakhala kagayidwe kabwinobwino.
Njira ya zochita za insulin
Maselo amtundu wa insulin ndi gawo lomwe lingachitike ndi mahomoni. Insulin imathandizira kuti asungidwe ndi kuchuluka kwa mafuta ndi glucose, omwe amagwira ntchito ngati mphamvu, mkati mwa maselo. Horm imakhudzanso njira zama metabolic mu minofu, zomwe zimapangitsa kukula kwa maselo.
Chiwindi ndi chiwalo chachikulu chomwe insulin imalowa. Mu chiwalochi, kuyika kwa glucose kumatheka, komwe kumakhala ndi kuchuluka kwa glycogen. Mkati mwa chiwindi, 80% ya insulini, yomwe imapangidwa ndi kapamba wamunthu, imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuchuluka kwa insulin kumalowa m'magazi, kenako kulowa impso.
Monga mukudziwa, mafuta ndiye njira yabwino kwambiri yosungira mphamvu m'thupi la munthu. Mapangidwe ake kuchokera ku glucose amathandizanso ma insulin. Amapanga madera amtundu wamafuta. Pafupifupi, mu thupi laimuna lolemera 70 makilogalamu pali pafupifupi 13 kg yamafuta. Kuchuluka kwa mafuta awa kuli m'matumbo a adipose.
Insulin imachepetsa kuchuluka kwa mafuta am'magazi m'magazi, komanso imalimbikitsa kuphatikiza kwa triglycerides pama cell chandamale.
Insulin imagwira ntchitoyo kudzera mwa mapuloteni olandirira mapuloteni. Receptor iyi ndi puloteni yovuta kwambiri ya membrane wa khungu, yomwe imapangidwa kuchokera kumagulu awiri (a ndi b). Iliyonse ya izo imapangidwa ndi maunyolo awiri a polypeptide.
Insulin yodziwika bwino kwambiri imamangiriza ku α-subunit ya receptor, imasintha mawonekedwe ake pomwe timadzi timene timalumikizidwa. Chifukwa chake, ntchito ya tyrosine kinase imachitika mu subunit b, izi zimalimbikitsa zimachitika ndi mphamvu ya enzyme.
Zojambula zonse zamomwe zotsatira zakuchuluka kwa insulin ndi cholandirira sizikudziwikiratu, koma zimadziwika kuti mawonekedwe a apakati othandizira, omwe ndi diacylglycerols ndi inositol triphosphate. Chofunikira chake ndi kuyambitsa kwa proteinase kinase C enzyme yokhala ndi phosphorylating. Izi zimagwirizanitsidwa ndi kusintha kwa kagayidwe kachakudya mkati mwa maselo.
Zotsatira zoyipa za insulin
Insulin imathandizira kusintha kwa glucose kukhala triglycerides. Ngati pali kuchepa kwa insulin, ndiye kuti njira yotsatirayi imabuka - kulimbikitsa mafuta.
Mphamvu ya anticatabolic ya mahomoni ndikuti insulini imalepheretsa kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni, ndiye kuti, kumachepetsa kuchepa kwa mapuloteni. Palinso kuchepa kwa lipolysis - kuchepetsa kudya kwamafuta m'magazi.
Zinawululidwa kuti ufa wochepa kwambiri wa insulin ndi magawo zana. Ena amapulumuka ngakhale pambuyo pa mayunitsi atatu. Ngati kuli kotheka ndi vuto lalikulu la bongo, muyenera kuyitanitsa gulu la ambulansi.
Insulin ili ndi zotsatirazi:
- timathandizira kuyamwa kwa glucose ndi zinthu zina ndi ma cell,
- imayendetsa michere yofunika ya glycolysis,
- kumawonjezera kulimba kwa kapangidwe ka glycogen,
- kuchepa kwa gluconeogenesis kukula: mapangidwe a shuga m'chiwindi kuchokera kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana amachepetsa.
Mphamvu ya anabolic ya mahomoniwo imawonetsedwa mu:
- kuchuluka kwa ma cell a amino acid (valine ndi leucine),
- kukonza kutulutsa kwa potaziyamu, phosphate ndi magnesium mu cell,
- kukulitsa kubwereza kwa DNA ndi mapuloteni a biosynthesis,
- kukulitsa kaphatikizidwe wamafuta acids ndi kutsimikizira kwawo kwotsatira.
Zimatha kutenga maola angapo kwa chikomokere, kotero, ngakhale kuchuluka kwa insulin sikungaphe. Komabe, mukufunikabe kudziwa chisamaliro chazomwe zingachitike ngati munthu akudwala matenda ashuga.
Malamulo a insulin
Dongosolo la makonzedwe a mankhwalawa komanso mlingo woyenera kwambiri uyenera kukhazikitsidwa ndi woyenera kupita kuchipatala, poganizira mawonekedwe onse a munthu wodwala matenda ashuga. Makhalidwe a matendawa komanso momwe thanzi lawo alili pano liyenera kuganiziridwanso.
Mtengo wa insulin ndi ma ruble pafupifupi 600-700. Mankhwalawa ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito moyang'aniridwa ndi achipatala.
Njira zakuchitikira kwa insulin yamadzi zimadziwika bwino ndi zamakono. Zochizira anthu omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga, mankhwala omwe amakumana ndi gulu linalake amagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Mitundu ya insulin iyi imasiyanitsidwa:
- Kuchita zinthu mwachangu. Mphamvu ya zinthu zoterezi imawonekera patangotha mphindi 5 mutakhazikitsa. Zotsatira zazikulu zimakhala mu ola limodzi. Zochita za insulin zotere zimatembenukira mwachangu kwa iye. Imadyedwa
- Kuchita insulin mwachidule. Munthu amamva zochita za timadzi mu theka la ola. Insulin iyenera kutumikiridwa musanadye,
- Insulin ya nthawi yayitali. Mankhwala amtunduwu amayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito insulin yochepa kapena njira yofulumira. Chifukwa chake, zotsatira zosatha zidzakwaniritsidwa,
- Wokhala insulin yayitali. Imayambitsidwa m'mawa ndipo imagwira ntchito tsiku lonse. Itha kugwiritsidwa ntchito limodzi ndi insulin yothamanga kapena yochepa.
Tsopano, anthu odwala matenda ashuga ali ndi njira zingapo zogwiritsira ntchito insulin. Hormoni imatha kubayidwa kudzera mu syringe yokhala ndi singano zowonda zamakono. Mwanjira imeneyi, jakisoni ofulumira komanso osapweteka amatha kupanga. Singano yotereyi imayikidwa mu minofu ya adipose kapena mbali zina za thupi:
- pansi pa khungu
- pamimba
- matako
- mapewa
- m'chiuno.
Pamodzi ndi insulin, amatha kugulitsa cholembera, chomwe chimakhala ndi muyeso wamiyeso. Mwambiri, chipangizochi chimakhala ndi cartridge yomanga.
Homoni imathanso kubayidwa kudzera mu singano, koma jakisoni imachitika pogwiritsa ntchito choyambitsa, osati piston. Chida choterechi ndi chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito ana omwe amayenera kudzilamulira okha.
Pampu imapangitsa kuti nthawi zonse jekeseni wa insulin asamalidwe. Nthawi zambiri, chipangizochi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamimba. Pakapita nthawi yofunikira, pampu imatsogolera insulin kulowa mthupi kudzera mu chubu. Pampu ndi chida chotchuka chomwe chimachotsa kufunika kwa jakisoni.
Koma njirayi imadzetsa zovuta zina. Chifukwa chake, asayansi ambiri akuyesetsa kupeza njira zosavuta zoperekera insulini. M'mbuyomu, panali njira yotithandizira kukhazikitsa kwa mahomoni kudzera pakupuma, koma izi sizinaphule kanthu.
Pakadali pano, kugulitsa zida ngati izi ndizoletsedwa. Zochita zikuchitika ndikupanga zopopera zapadera komanso ma plasters apadera omwe angalole kuyendetsa kwa insulin ya mahomoni kudzera pakamwa. Komabe, zida zoterezi sizikupezeka kuti zigwiritsidwe ntchito.
Kuti insulini yokhala nthawi yayitali ilowe m'magazi munthawi yochepa, imayenera kulowa m'mimba. Gawo lina la anthu limakonda kupereka jakisoni paphewa. Nthawi zambiri, anthu odwala matenda a shuga amawabayira insulin m'matako ndi matchafu. Tiyenera kukumbukira kuti mankhwalawa amayenera kuperekedwa pang'onopang'ono m'malo awa.
Kuti mumvetsetse momwe amagwirira ntchito mu insulin, mumafunikira kupaka jekeseni chimodzimodzi m'dera limodzi la thupi. Koma pofuna kupewa zisindikizo zopweteka komanso zowoneka bwino, nthawi zina ndikofunikira kusintha gawo la thupi lomwe insulin idzalowe. Nthawi zambiri, malo omwe amapangira jakisoni m'malo mozungulira.
Mukamagwiritsa ntchito insulin, ndikofunikira kwambiri kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Izi zimayambitsa:
- chakudya ndi chakudya,
- masewera a wodwala,
- kukhala ndi malingaliro abwino kapena osalimbikitsa,
- mawonekedwe a chithandizo cha matenda ena.
Zomwe zimadziwika zimatha kudwala matendawa kwa anthu osiyanasiyana kapena magawo osiyanasiyana a moyo wa munthu. Tsiku lililonse, munthu ayenera kuyeza shuga m'magazi kangapo kuti athe kuthana ndi momwe zinthu zilili panopo komanso thupi.
Kuti muwone kuchuluka kwa shuga, muyenera kutenga magazi kuchokera pachala chanu. Kutengera kuwunikira koteroko, malingaliro ena amadza. Kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, njira yowerengera insulin imawerengedwa.
Kumbukirani kuti mtundu 1 wa shuga nthawi zambiri umakhala moyo wonse.
Chifukwa chake, muyenera kuyang'anira mwadongosolo thanzi lanu ndi kapamba, zomwe zimapanga insulin.
Malangizo Ofunika
Odwala omwe ali ndi matenda ashuga amayenera kuyang'anira kudya zakudya, komanso kuchuluka kwa zochitika zamasewera komanso kudya madzi oyera. Anthu omwe amadalira insulin ayenera kuwunika momwe amakhalira.
Odwala otere ayenera kupanga jakisoni wa insulin mwadongosolo. Zimatengera nthawi ya tsiku komanso zinthu zina zingapo. Hemuloni ya mahomoni imayenera kusinthidwa nthawi zonse ndi imodzi yomwe singathe kudzipangira pawokha paliponse molondola ndi kapamba amunthu.
Kuthandizira kwakumwa kumeneku kumathandiza kuti munthu akhale ndi moyo wabwino komanso kumamuthandiza kukhala ndi moyo wonse.
Posachedwa, otchuka kwambiri ndiwo njira zaposachedwa. Cholembera cha syringe ndi njira yabwino kwambiri yomwe ili yoyenera ngakhale kwa ana aang'ono omwe ayenera kupanga jakisoni wa insulin palokha.
Pompo imachepetsa kufunika kwa makulidwe a insulin ndi singano, izi ndizoyenera kwa odwala ambiri. Kumbukirani kuti mitundu yonse ya mankhwala omwe adokotala amakupatsani ayenera kuyikiridwa.
Sikulimbikitsidwa kuphwanya dongosolo la chithandizo, chifukwa izi zimabweretsa zotsatirapo zoyipa zomwe zingawononge moyo wamunthu. Ndizowopsa kupitilira muyeso, chifukwa zimabweretsa imfa.
Muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala apamwamba okha omwe angakhale ndi zovuta zoyipa. Musanagule ndalama, muyenera kufufuza kuti insulin ndi chiyani. Mtengo sikuwonetsa momwe zinthu zilili.
Ndikofunikira kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe opanga okha odziwika ndi mbiri yayitali. Musanagule insulin kuti mugwiritse ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali, mutha kuwerengenanso ndemanga za anthu komanso madokotala aluso.
Kanemayo munkhaniyi akukamba za gawo la momwe insulin imachitikira pantchito zonse za thupi.
