Matenda a shuga ndi njira yokhazikika ya endocrine system. Matendawa ndiwachilengedwe, ali ndi zoyambitsa zingapo komanso maphunzirowa. Ndikofunika kudziwa kuti matenda ashuga ndi amoyo wonse.
Matendawa amatengera kwa makolo athu, ndiye kuti, matendawo amatenga kuchokera kwa abale. Uku ndi kusokonezeka kwakukulu kwa thupi, komwe kumawonetsedwa ndikuwonjezereka kwa shuga m'magazi.
Chifukwa cha matenda a m'magazi, kugwira ntchito kwa mitsempha yamagazi, mantha am'mimba, impso, mtima, maso ndi ziwalo zina zimasokonekera.
Njira za ntchito ndi kuikidwa kwa kapamba
"Matenda a shuga" amatanthauzira kuti "shuga" kapena "uchi." Izi zikuwulula chimodzi mwazomwe zimayambitsa matendawa kuyambika, tikulankhula za kudya kwambiri, komwe, limodzi ndi masewera olimbitsa thupi osakwanira, kumayambitsa kunenepa kwambiri.
Matenda a shuga ndi matenda osachiritsika omwe amakhudzidwanso ndi ukalamba. Mwanjira ina, munthawi zosiyanasiyana matendawo amatha kuonekera. Ngati ntchito ya munthu imagwirizanitsidwa ndi nkhawa komanso kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro, izi zimathandizanso kuyambika kwa matenda ashuga.
Nthawi zambiri, anthu amadwala matenda ashuga:
- momwe makolo onse komanso abale ake apamtima anali odwala matenda ashuga,
- azimayi omwe abereka mwana wolemera kuposa makilogalamu 4.5, komanso azimayi omwe ali ndi pathupi komanso obala ana,
- onenepa kwambiri, onenepa kwambiri,
- ndi matenda a mtima, atherosclerosis, myocardial infarction, stroke, matenda oopsa,
- ndimatenda amitsempha yamagazi, kupsinjika pafupipafupi komanso kupanikizika kwa nthawi yayitali,
- ndi kuvulala, kulowererapo, njira zotupa zomwe zinachitika ndi kutentha kwambiri kwa thupi,
- kuona zinthu zapoizoni pafupipafupi,
- ndikuphwanya zakudya, mafuta kagayidwe, kumwa mowa mwauchidakwa.
- Ana odyetsedwa mozizwitsa.
Izi zowopsa zimayambukiridwa ndi anthu osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi. Matenda ndi vuto lalikulu lathanzi labwino. Ndikofunika kumvetsetsa kuti matenda ashuga ndi a moyo wonse, chifukwa chake kupewa ndi kuchiza matendawa nthawi zonse kumakhala kovuta.
Zikondwererozo zimakhala kumbuyo kwam'mimba. Munthu alibe chiwalo china, chomwe chimasiyanitsidwa ndi kuthekera kwake pakupangitsa njira zosiyanasiyana mthupi la munthu. Chiwalochi chimagwira nawo ntchito chimbudzi, chifukwa chimatulutsa madzi a pancreatic. Chifukwa chake, thupi limapatsidwa mphamvu yofunikira pantchito.
Ntchito ina yodziwika bwino ya kapamba ndikupanga chinsinsi chapadera, chomwe chimakhudzidwa pakukhazikitsa njira zambiri mthupi. Ndikofunikira kuti thupi lonse lizigwira ntchito.
Madzi a pancreatic, amagwira ntchito ngati pancreatic. Madzi awa ndi madzi omveka bwino, opanda khungu. Kuchuluka kwa madzi a pancreatic, omwe amatulutsidwa ndi kapamba, pafupifupi 600-700 ml.
Zomwe zimapanga pancreatic madzi ndi ma enzymes, ndiko kuti, zinthu zomwe zimathandizira njira zosiyanasiyana za thupi:
- amylase
- lipase
- trypsin ndi ena.
Enzime ya pancreatic yomwe imaphwanya mafuta, imagwira limodzi ndi bile. Amasintha mafuta kukhala madontho ang'onoang'ono, lipase imagawaniza madonthowo kukhala zinthu zina.
Insulin
Insulin ndi mahomoni omwe amayang'anira kagayidwe. Mothandizidwa ndi insulin, mafuta acids amaphatikizidwa m'chiwindi, kaphatikizidwe ka glycogen, komanso kuwonjezereka kwa kumwa kwa amino acid ndi minyewa ya glycogen ndi kaphatikizidwe ka mapuloteni.
Madzi a insulin amalimbikitsa kukhudzidwa kwa shuga ndi chiwindi, amathandizanso kuti kagayidwe kazachilengedwe kam'thupi ka munthu. Mwanjira ina, insulin imagwira ntchito pazinthu zosiyanasiyana ndi ziwalo zosiyanasiyana.
Pali kuchepa kwa njira zomwe chilengedwe cha glycogen chimapangidwira ndikupanga shuga kuchokera pama protein ndi mafuta. Insulin mu minofu ya adipose imachepetsanso kuwonongeka kwa mafuta, komanso minofu minofu - kuwonongeka kwa mapuloteni.
Malo ochitira mahomoni:
- chiwindi
- minofu
- minofu ya adipose.
Munthu wathanzi amakhala ndi zisonyezo zina zokhala ndi insulin. Chifukwa chake, gawo lovomerezeka ndi 10 - 20 mcED / ml (0.4-0.8 ng / ml). Kuyimirira m'magazi, insulin imalowa m'chiwindi.
Pamenepo amakhala m'malo ochulukirapo mpaka 60%, ndipo amagwira ntchito molamulira kagayidwe.
Mitundu iwiri ya matenda ashuga
Asayansi amafunika kugawa shuga m'magulu awiri, chifukwa izi zimafotokoza bwino za chithandizo cha anthu, chomwe poyambira chimasiyana kwambiri. Ngati shuga ndi yayitali komanso yovuta, kugawa kwake m'mitundu kumakhala kofunikira. Muzochitika izi, chithandizo cha mankhwala chimakhala chofanana, ngakhale kuti matendawo ndi omwe adayamba.
Matenda a shuga 1 amtundu wa shuga amadalira insulin. Monga lamulo, iwo amavutika ndi anthu azaka zazing'ono mpaka zaka 40 omwe ali ndi thupi lochepa. Matendawa ndi oopsa, insulin imagwiritsidwa ntchito pochiritsa. Chomwe chimayambitsa matenda ndikuti thupi limapanga ma antibodies omwe amawononga ma cell a kapamba omwe amapanga insulin.
Matenda a shuga amtundu 1 sangathe kuchiritsidwa kwathunthu. Komabe, pali milandu yobwezeretsa kapamba, koma izi zitha kukhala pansi pazinthu zina ndi chakudya chapadera chokhala ndi zakudya zosaphika. Kuti thupi lizigwira ntchito, jakisoni wa insulini ayenera kuperekedwa ndi syringe.
Popeza insulin imasweka m'mimba ndi matumbo, sizingatheke kugwiritsa ntchito insulini ngati inali pamapiritsi. Ndikofunika kutsatira zakudya zopatsa thanzi ndikuchotsanso chakudya chamagulu m'thupi monga:
- shuga
- zakudya zotsekemera
- zipatso zamasamba
- zakumwa zonunkhira bwino.
Matenda a 2 a shuga amawoneka ngati osadalira insulini. Nthawi zambiri, anthu opitilira zaka 40 ndi onenepa kwambiri amadwala matendawo. Chomwe chimapangitsa kuti matenda adwale ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ma cell omwe amapezeka ndi insulin amatayika chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa michere yomwe imapezeka mwa iwo.
Kugwiritsa ntchito insulini pofuna kupeza mankhwala sikofunikira kwa wodwala aliyense. Dokotala wokhazikika yekha ndiamene angapereke mankhwala komanso mitundu ya mankhwala. Choyamba, anthu oterowo amafunikira kupatsidwa mankhwala azithandizo.
Ndikofunikira kuchita moyenera maudokotala. Iyenera kuchepetsa thupi pang'onopang'ono, ma kilogalamu ochepa pamwezi. Mukakwanitsa kulemera kwabwinobwino, muyenera kuisamalira moyo wanu wonse.
Ngati zakudya sizili zokwanira, ndikofunikira kumwa mapiritsi ochepetsa shuga, ndi insulin, monga njira yomaliza.
Zomwe zimayambitsa matendawa
Zifukwa zazikulu kwambiri zakukula kwa matenda ashuga, madokotala amati mtundu wamtundu komanso kunenepa kwambiri.
Zinthu zonsezi zimafunika kuyang'aniridwa ndikuwonetsetsa.
Zomwe zimachitika kuti matenda ashuga asamapezekepo zimaphatikizapo matenda omwe amakhudza maselo a beta omwe ali ndi vuto la kupanga insulin. Matenda monga awa:
- khansa ya kapamba
- kapamba
- zovuta zamtundu wina.
Izi zimaphatikizaponso matendawo:
- chiwindi
- rubella
- chikuku
- matenda ena.
Matenda omwe atchulidwa ndizoyambitsa matenda a shuga. Makamaka, izi zimagwira ntchito kwa anthu omwe ali pachiwopsezo. Kugwedezeka kwamanjenje pafupipafupi komanso kupsinjika kumayambitsanso matenda ashuga. Kusokonezeka kwa malingaliro ndi mantha kuyenera kupewedwa.
Asayansi akukhulupirira kuti pazaka khumi zilizonse, chiopsezo chokhala ndi matenda a shuga chimachulukitsidwa.
Mndandandawu suwaphatikizapo matenda omwe hyperglycemia ndi shuga mellitus ali yachiwiri chilengedwe, kuyankhula chizindikiro. Hyperglycemia chotere sichimawonedwa ngati chowona mpaka mawonekedwe a chipatala kapena mawonekedwe a zovuta.
Matenda omwe amachititsa kuchuluka kwa shuga (hyperglycemia) ndi awa:
- chifuwa chachikulu,
- adrenal hyperfunction,
- kuwonjezeka kwa milingo ya mahomoni opikisana.
Njira zopezera matenda
Kwa odwala matenda ashuga, osati kunenepa kwambiri komwe kumakhala ndi mawonekedwe, komanso kuchuluka kwa malekezero, kuyabwa kwa khungu, komwe kumakhala kovuta kwambiri kulekerera. Wodwala matenda ashuga amatha kumayakaya nthawi zonse, ndipo khungu lake limakutidwa ndi zironda ndi mabala.
M'pofunikanso kutsindika kuti m'mayendedwe a anthu odwala matenda ashuga:
- kamwa yowuma
- kukodza pafupipafupi
- njala yayikulu ndi ludzu
- kunenepa.
Anthu odwala matenda ashuga amathanso kudziwa izi:
- kutopa kwambiri
- kusunthika kwamphamvu
- kusokonekera kwakukulu,
- kuchepa kowoneka bwino.
Zinthu ngati izi zikuchitika, muyenera kufunsa dokotala kuti apewe matenda a shuga.
Mutha kumvetsetsa zomwe zimachitika munthu ngati mupereka magazi pamimba yopanda kanthu, kapena maola awiri mutatha kudya njira yothetsera shuga kuti mupeze kuchuluka kwa kumverera kwa thupi kwa icho. Magazi amatengedwa kuchokera ku chala kapena mtsempha, njira yowunikirayi imagwiritsidwa ntchito mu labotale.
Monga lamulo, kukhazikitsa matenda, wodwalayo adapangidwanso kafukufuku wachiwiri. Kusiyapo ndi azimayi oyembekezera. Amayamba kulandira chithandizo nthawi yomweyo, osadikirira zotsatira za kuyezetsa magazi mobwerezabwereza.
Miyezo ya shuga imatha kuwunikidwa nokha. Mwa izi, glucometer imagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi nthawi zambiri pamimba yopanda kanthu sikuyenera kupitirira 5.6 mmol / l (kuchokera chala), ndi 6.1 mmol / l (kuchokera kumitsempha). Mutatenga njira yotsalira ya shuga, muyezo ungakwere mpaka. 7.8 mmol / L.
Kwa odwala matenda ashuga omwe ali ndi mafomu 1 ndi 2, mitengo imeneyi imakhala yokwera nthawi zonse. Kuthamanga shuga kumakhala kofanana ndi kapena kupitirira 6.1 mmol / L (kuchokera pachala), ndipo pamwamba pa 7.0 mmol / L (kuchokera pamtsempha).
Njira yothetsera shuga ikamagwiritsidwa ntchito pamimba yopanda kanthu, chizindikirocho chimakwera mpaka 11.1 mmol / L kapena kupitilira. Ngati mumayesa magazi kuchokera kwa munthu wotere nthawi ina iliyonse patsiku, mosasamala za chakudya, ndiye kuti shuga idzakhala yofanana kapena kupitirira 11.1 mmol / L.
Kuphatikiza pa kusanthula kumeneku, pofuna kudziwa za matenda a zam'thupi, ndikofunikira kuchita kafukufuku pa glycated hemoglobin.
Timaphunzira kuchuluka kwa magazi, omwe sayenera kukhala apamwamba kuposa 6.5%.
Chithandizo cha matenda ashuga
Ndikofunikira kutsatira malingaliro a akatswiri odwala matenda ashuga, kuwunika momwe angachitire odwala matenda ashuga moyo wonse. Chifukwa chake, ndizotheka kuchepetsa kapena kupewa zovuta zingapo.
Chithandizo cha matenda amtundu uliwonse a shuga chikufuna kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, kuimitsa kukula kwa zovuta ndi kusintha njira za metabolic.
Mitundu yonse ya matenda ashuga iyenera kuthandizidwa, kupatsidwa:
- kulemera kwa thupi
- zochita zolimbitsa thupi za munthu
- jenda ndi zaka
- zakudya zomwe zizolowereka.
M'pofunika kuchita maphunziro mu malamulo a kuwerengera chakudya caloric, chifukwa mafuta, mapuloteni, kufufuza zinthu ndi chakudya.
Ndi matenda a shuga omwe amadalira insulin, muyenera kudya michere nthawi yomweyo kuti muthandizire kukonza kwa shuga a insulin. Ndi mtundu woyamba wa matenda ashuga, muyenera kuchepetsa zakudya zamafuta, zomwe zimapangitsa ketoacidosis. Mellitus wosadalira shuga yemwe amadalira shuga amachotsa mitundu yonse ya shuga ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kalori onse.
Chakudya chizikhala chosakanikirana, osachepera kanayi pa tsiku. Gawaninso chakudya chamagulu, chomwe chimapangitsa kuti shuga azikhala bwino komanso kuti kagayidweko kagayidwe.
Muyenera kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapadera za anthu odwala matenda ashuga:
- machitidwe
- saccharin
- xylitol
- sorbitol
- fructose.
Kuwongolera zovuta za matenda ashuga omwe amangogwiritsa ntchito zakudya zokha kungawonekere koyambira kwa matenda.
Kusankha kwamankhwala kumachitika chifukwa cha mtundu wa matenda ashuga. Anthu omwe ali ndi mtundu woyamba wa matenda amafunika mankhwala a insulini; ndi wachiwiri, mankhwala ochepetsa shuga ndikuwonetsedwa. Pankhaniyi, insulin imayikidwa ngati mapiritsi sangathe, ndikuyamba:
- chifuwa chachikulu
- ketoacidosis
- mawonekedwe oyipa
- aakulu pyelonephritis,
- chiwindi ndi kulephera kwa impso.
Insulin imayang'aniridwa pang'onopang'ono yowunika shuga ndi mkodzo pafupipafupi. Mwa kutalika kwake ndi makina, insulin ndi:
- nthawi yayitali
- wapakatikati
- zochita zazifupi.
Kuchita insulin kwa nthawi yayitali kuyenera kuperekedwa kamodzi patsiku. Monga lamulo, adotolo amafotokozera jakisoni wa insulin yotereyi mwachidule komanso yapakatikati kuti alipire shuga.
Kugwiritsa ntchito insulin kumadzaza ndi mankhwala osokoneza bongo, komwe kumapangitsa kutsika kwakukulu kwa shuga komanso mapangidwe a chikomokere ndi hypoglycemia. Kusankha kwa mankhwala ndi Mlingo wa insulini kumachitika, poganizira kusintha kwa zinthu zolimbitsa thupi masana, komanso:
- Magazi a magazi
- kudya calorie
- kulolerana kwa insulin.
Ndi mankhwala a insulini, matupi awo sagwirizana angayambike:
- kupweteka
- redness
- Kutupa pa malo a jekeseni.
Zomwe zimachitika pafupipafupi zimaphatikizapo kugwedezeka kwa anaphylactic. Mankhwala a insulin nthawi zina amakhala ovuta ndi lipodystrophy - kupindika mu minofu ya adipose m'dera la insulin.
Dokotalayo amapereka mankhwala a antipyretic m'mapiritsi a shuga osadalira insulin, monga kuwonjezera pazakudya. Makamaka, kukonzekera kwa sulfonylurea kumagwiritsidwa ntchito:
- glycidone
- chlorpropamide
- glibenclamide,
- carbamide.
Zonsezi zimathandizira kupanga insulin ndi maselo a beta a kapamba ndipo zimathandizira kutulutsa shuga m'magazi osiyanasiyana amthupi. Mlingo wa mankhwalawa amayenera kusankhidwa molondola kuti shuga ikhale yopanda 88 mmol / l. Mankhwala osokoneza bongo amatha kukhala ndi hypoglycemia ndi chikomokere.
Biguanides ndi:
- Metformin.
- Buformin ndi njira zina zofananira.
Amapangidwa kuti achepetse mayamwidwe a shuga m'matumbo ndi zotumphukira zotumphukira ndi shuga. Biguanides amatha kuchuluka kwa uric acid m'magazi ndikupangitsa kuti lactic acidosis ikhale yolimba. Izi ndizowona makamaka kwa anthu atatha zaka 60, komanso kwa iwo omwe ali ndi vuto la impso ndi chiwindi, komanso matenda osachiritsika.
Monga lamulo, Biguanides amalembera omwe amadalira shuga osadalira insulin mwa achinyamata onenepa kwambiri.
Meglitinides:
- Nateglinide.
- Repaglinide.
Tikulankhula za mankhwala omwe amachepetsa shuga yamagazi ndikulimbikitsa kapamba kuti apange insulini. Zotsatira za ndalamazi zimatengera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi ndipo sizimayambitsa hypoglycemia.
Alpha Glucosidase Inhibitors:
- Miglitol,
- Acarbose.
Gulu la mankhwalawa limachepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi, limatseka ma enzymes omwe akukhudzidwa ndi kuyamwa kwa wowuma. Pali zovuta zoyipa, monga kutsekula m'mimba ndi kusilira.
Thiazolidinediones ndi othandizira omwe amachepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga omwe amamasulidwa ku chiwindi. Amawonjezera insulin chiwopsezo cha maselo amafuta. Magulu oterewa a mankhwalawa sangatengedwe ngati pali vuto la mtima.
Mu shuga mellitus, ndikofunikira kuphunzitsa munthu ndi abale ake momwe angawongolere mkhalidwe wawo komanso moyo wawo. Ndikofunikanso kudziwa njira zoyambira zothandizira pakupanga kholo ndi chikomokere. Zabwino mu shuga zimatulutsa mapaundi owonjezera a thupi ndikuchita zolimbitsa thupi zolimbitsa thupi.
Chifukwa cha kuyesa kwa minofu, kuwonjezereka kwa kukhatikiza kwa glucose ndi kutsika kwake m'magazi kumachitika. Koma, zolimbitsa thupi sizikulimbikitsidwa kuti ziyambe ngati shuga ya magazi ndi yoposa 15 mmol / l.
Musanayambe kuchita nawo masewera olimbitsa thupi, odwala matenda ashuga ayenera kuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa shuga motsogozedwa ndi mankhwala. Mu matenda ashuga, zolimbitsa thupi zimayenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi dokotala wopezekapo ndikugawidwa mosiyanasiyana ku minofu yonse ndi ziwalo za munthu.Kanemayo munkhaniyi ayang'ana mankhwala ena ochizira matenda ashuga.
