Thupi laumunthu limakhala lololedwa, lachiwiri lililonse limagwira ntchito. Poonetsetsa kuti ikuyenda mosalekeza, mahomoni amatenga gawo lofunikira.
Mitsempha yapakati imapereka zikhumbo zamagetsi kuzinthu zonse ndi ziwalo. Chifukwa chake, dongosolo la endocrine limatulutsa insulin, glucagon ndi mahomoni ena ofunikira kuti thupi lipitirire.
Matenda a pancreatic
Makina a exocrine ndi endocrine ndi magawo a matumbo oyamba. Kuti zakudya zomwe zimalowa m'thupi zigawike kukhala mapuloteni, mafuta ndi chakudya, ndikofunikira kuti kachitidwe ka exocrine imagwira ntchito moyenera.
Ndi kachitidwe kameneka kamene kamapanga pafupifupi 98% ya chakudya chamafuta, pomwe pali ma enzyme omwe amaphwanya zakudya. Kuphatikiza apo, mahomoni amawongolera njira zonse za thupi.
Mahomoni akuluakulu a kapamba ndi:
- Insulin
- C peptide
- Insulin
- Glucagon.
Ma hormone onse a pancreatic, kuphatikizapo glucagon ndi insulin, amagwirizana kwambiri. Insulin ili ndi gawo lowonetsetsa kuti shuga azikhazikika, kuwonjezera apo, imasunga kuchuluka kwa amino acid kwa thupi.
Glucagon imakhala ngati chowonjezera mphamvu. Hormoni iyi imamangirira pamodzi zinthu zonse zofunika, kuzitumiza m'magazi.
Madzi a insulin amatha kupangidwa kokha ndi kuchuluka kwa glucose m'magazi. Ntchito ya insulin ndikumanga ma receptor pamitsempha yama cell, imawaperekanso ku cell. Kenako glucose amasinthidwa kukhala glycogen.
Komabe, si ziwalo zonse zomwe zimafunikira insulini monga wosungira shuga. Glucose imamwilidwa mosasamala kanthu ndi insulin m'maselo:
- Katemera
- Ubongo
- Chiwindi
- Impso.
Ngati pali insulin yocheperako mu kapamba, ndiye kuti izi zimayambitsa hyperglycemia. Vutoli limakhala loopsa pomwe glucose ochokera m'magazi sangathe kulowa m'maselo. Zotsatira zake zomwe zimakhala zowawa, komanso ngakhale kufa matenda. Werengani zambiri za kusiyanasiyana kosiyanasiyana kochokera mu nkhani ya insulin yochepa ndi shuga wabwinobwino.
Ngati sichoncho, insulini ya mahomoni imapangidwa kwambiri mu kapamba, ndiye kuti shuga imagwiritsidwa ntchito mwachangu kwambiri ndipo kuphatikiza kwake m'magazi kumatsika kwambiri, ndikupangitsa hypoglycemia. Vutoli limaperekanso zotsatilapo zoopsa, mpaka kukomoka kwa hypoglycemic.
Udindo wa glucagon m'thupi
Glucagon imathandizira kupanga shuga mu chiwindi ndikuwongolera zomwe zili m'magazi. Kuti magwiridwe antchito amtundu wamanjenje apakati, ndikofunikira kuti magazi azisungunuka m'magazi nthawi zonse. Izi ndi pafupifupi 4 gramu pa ola limodzi kwa mtima dongosolo.
Zotsatira za glucose pakupanga shuga m'magazi zimatsimikiziridwa ndi ntchito zake. Glucagon ili ndi ntchito zina, imathandizira kuwonongeka kwa lipids mu minofu ya adipose, yomwe imachepetsa kwambiri mafuta m'thupi. Kuphatikiza pa izi, glucagon wa mahomoni:
- Amakulitsa magazi kulowa impso;
- Amachulukitsa kuchuluka kwa sodium kuchokera ku ziwalo, komanso kumakhala ndi mulingo woyenera kwambiri wamagetsi m'thupi. Ndipo ndikofunikira pantchito yamtima;
- Amasintha maselo a chiwindi;
- Imalimbikitsa kutulutsa kwa insulin m'maselo a thupi;
- Zomwe zimawonjezera intracellular calcium.
Kuchuluka kwa glucagon m'magazi kumabweretsa kuwoneka ngati zotupa zoyipa m'mapapo. Komabe, khansa ya mutu wa kapamba ndiyosavuta kuyipeza, imawonekera mwa anthu 30 mwa chikwi.
Ntchito zomwe zimapangidwa ndi insulin ndi glucagon zimatsutsana ndi diametrically. Chifukwa chake, mahomoni ena ofunikira amafunika kuti magazi asungunuke:
- cortisol
- adrenaline
- kukula kwamafuta.
Kuwongolera katulutsidwe wa glucagon
Kuwonjezeka kwa kudya kwa mapuloteni kumabweretsa kuwonjezeka kwa kuchuluka kwa amino acid: arginine ndi alanine.
Ma amino acids amathandizira kupanga glucagon m'magazi, kotero ndikofunikira kwambiri kutsimikizira kukhazikika kwa amino acid m'thupi, kutsatira zakudya zabwino.
Glucagon yamafuta ndi chothandizira chomwe chimasinthira amino acid kukhala glucose, izi ndi ntchito zake zazikulu. Chifukwa chake, kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi kumachuluka, zomwe zikutanthauza kuti maselo ndi minyewa yathupi limaperekedwa ndi mahomoni onse ofunikira.
Kuphatikiza pa amino acid, secretion wa glucagon imalimbikitsidwanso ndi zochitika zolimbitsa thupi. Zokondweretsa, ziyenera kuchitika poyerekeza ndi kukhoza kwaumunthu. Pamenepo, ndende ya glucagon imadzuka kasanu.
Pharmacological zochita za glucagon
Glucagon amachita motere:
- amachepetsa kukokana
- amasintha kuchuluka kwa mtima nkhawa
- kumawonjezera kuchuluka kwa shuga m'thupi chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa glycogen komanso kapangidwe kake monga kaphatikizidwe kazinthu zina zachilengedwe.
Zizindikiro zogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mankhwala
Glucagon wa mankhwala amaperekedwa ndi madokotala ngati:
- Matenda am'malingaliro, monga mankhwala othandizira,
- Matenda a shuga ndi kupezeka kwa matenda a hypoglycemia (shuga wotsika wamagazi),
- Zojambula ndi zantchito zolemba zamankhwala am'mimba, ngati mankhwala othandizira,
- Kufunika kochotsa kuphipha mu pachimake diverticulitis,
- Pathology of the biliary thirakiti,
- Kuti muchepetse minofu yosalala yam'matumbo ndi pamimba.
Malangizo ogwiritsira ntchito glucagon
Kuti mugwiritse ntchito timadzi ta mankhwalawa ngati mankhwalawa, timapeza kuchokera ku zikondamoyo za nyama monga ng'ombe kapena nkhumba. Chosangalatsa ndichakuti, kuphatikiza kwa amino acid kuphatikiza unyolo mu nyama izi ndi anthu ali ofanana.
Ndi hypoglycemia, 1 milligram ya glucagon imayikidwa kudzera m'mitsempha kapena intramuscularly. Ngati kuli kofunikira kupereka thandizo mwadzidzidzi, ndiye njira izi zothandizira pakumwa mankhwala zimagwiritsidwa ntchito.
Kutsatira malangizo enieni ogwiritsira ntchito shuga wa glucagon kumawonetsa kuti kusintha kwa wodwala wokhala ndi shuga yochepa kumachitika pakatha mphindi 10. Izi zimachepetsa chiopsezo cha kuwonongeka kwa dongosolo lamanjenje lamkati.
Chonde dziwani kuti ndizoletsedwa kupatsira glucagon kwa ana omwe ali ndi thupi lolemera mpaka 25 kilogalamu. Ana ayenera kuyamwa mpaka mpaka 500 mg ndikuyang'anira momwe thupi liliri kwa mphindi 15.
Ngati zonse zili zabwinobwino, muyenera kuwonjezera mlingo ndi 30 mcg. Pankhani ya kuchepa kwa shuga m'magazi, amafunika kuwonjezera mlingo wa mankhwalawo kangapo. Ndi zoletsedwa kusankha payokha mwakugwiritsira ntchito mankhwalawa.
Wodwalayo akangokhala bwino, amalimbikitsidwa kudya zakudya zamapuloteni, kumwa tiyi wokoma ndi kutenga malo oyimirira kwa maola awiri awiri kuti musayambenso kudwala.
Ngati kugwiritsa ntchito glucagon sikupereka zotsatira, tikulimbikitsidwa kupaka shuga m'mitsempha. Zotsatira zoyipa mutatha kugwiritsa ntchito glucagon ndizolimbikitsa kusanza Reflex ndi nseru.
